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By The End of This Lecture You Will Be Able To:: Light-Dependent Reactions (I.e., Light Reactions)
By The End of This Lecture You Will Be Able To:: Light-Dependent Reactions (I.e., Light Reactions)
(b) Kelp
(a) Mosses, ferns, and
flowering plants
Light Energy Harvested by Plants &
Other Photosynthetic Autotrophs
Visible light
Wavelength (nm)
WHY ARE PLANTS GREEN?
Different wavelengths of visible light are seen by
the human eye as different colors.
Visible light
Wavelength (nm)
The feathers of male cardinals
are loaded with carotenoid
pigments. These pigments
absorb some wavelengths of
light and reflect others.
t
e d li g h
e fl ect
R
The thylakoid
membrane of the
chloroplast is
impregnated with
photosynthetic
pigments (i.e.,
chlorophylls,
carotenoids).
THE COLOR OF LIGHT SEEN IS THE
COLOR NOT ABSORBED
• Chloroplasts
absorb light Reflected
convert it to
chemical energy
Absorbed
light
Transmitted Chloroplast
light
AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Mesophyll
Outer
membrane
Granum Inner
membrane
Grana Stroma Thylakoid
Stroma Thylakoid compartment
Chloroplast Pigments
• Chloroplasts contain several pigments
– Chlorophyll a
– Chlorophyll b
– Carotenoids
Figure 7.7
Chlorophyll a & b
•Chl a has a methyl
group
Porphyrin ring
delocalized e-
Phytol tail
Different pigments absorb light
differently
Loss of energy due to heat
Excitation of chlorophyll causes the photons of light to be
in a chloroplast less energetic.
Less energy translates into longer
wavelength.
e Excited
2 state Energy = (Planck’s constant) x
(velocity of light)/(wavelength of
Heat
light)
Transition toward the red end of
Light the visible spectrum.
Light
(fluorescence)
Photon
Ground
state
Chlorophyll
molecule
Photon
PHOTOSYSTEM
Reaction
center
Pigment
molecules
of antenna
Cyclic Photophosphorylation
• Process for ATP generation associated with
some Photosynthetic Bacteria
• Reaction Center => 700 nm
• Two types of
photosystems
cooperate in the
light reactions
Photon
ATP
mill
Photon
Water-splitting NADPH-producing
photosystem photosystem
Noncyclic Photophosphorylation
• Photosystem II regains electrons by splitting
water, leaving O2 gas as a by-productE
lec
Primary tro
n
electron acceptor tra
ns
po
rt
Primary
El
electron acceptor ec
tro
n
tra
n sp
or
t ch
ain
Photons
Energy for
synthesis of
PHOTOSYSTEM I
PHOTOSYSTEM II by chemiosmosis
Plants produce O2 gas by splitting H2O
Light
Ele
c tr o
nt
r an
sp
o rt
Light ch
a in
Primary
electron
acceptor
Reaction-
1 center NADPH-producing
chlorophyll photosystem
Water-splitting
photosystem
2 H + 1/2
In the light reactions, electron transport
chains generate ATP, NADPH, & O2
Thylakoid
compartment
(high H+) Light Light
Thylakoid
membrane
Antenna
molecules
Chloroplast
Light
Stroma
Stack of NADP
thylakoids ADP
+P
Light Calvin
reactions cycle
• A summary of
Chloroplast
the chemicalLight
processes of
photosynthesis Photosystem II
Electron
transport CALVIN
chains CYCLE Stroma
Photosystem I
Elec
tron
s
Cellular
respiration
Cellulose
Starch
Other
LIGHT REACTIONS CALVIN CYCLE organic
compounds
It's not that
easy bein'
green… but it
is essential for
life on earth!