Review of Related

Literature
 2

What is Review of Related Literature?

While the research problem is still being conceptualized, the researcher must
already start reviewing literature. In identifying and defining the research
problem, the researcher must be able to show evidences that the problem
really exists and is worth investigating. It is important that the researcher
knows what is already known about the problem or what earlier researchers
have found about it and what questions still need to be answered before the
research questions or objectives are finalized.
Theories which the researchers use to explain the existence of a research
problem and used as bases in analyzing relationships between variables can
be generated from reference books on theories or from related studies. The
researcher therefore, must have already read adequate literature at the start
of the research activity
 3

Purpose of Review of
Related Literature
(RRL)
1. It helps the researcher identify and define a research
problem.
2. It helps justify the need for studying a problem.
3. It prevents unnecessary duplication of a study
 5

4. It can be a source of a theoretical basis for the study

5. It enables the researcher to learn how to conceptualize a

research problem and properly identify and operationally
define study variables
6. It helps formulate and refine research instruments

7. It provides lesson for data analysis and interpretation.

 6

Styles or Approaches of
RRL or Review of
Related Literature
 7

1. Traditional Review of Literature

A "traditional" literature review provides an overview
of the research findings on particular topics. A traditional
literature is written by examining a body of published
work, then writing a critical summary (an impressionistic
overview) of the body of literature. The purpose of a
literature review is making clear for a reader what the
research collectively indicates with regard to a particular
issue or question.
 8
Traditional review is of different types that are
as follows:
1. Conceptual review – analysis of concepts or ideas to give meaning to
some national or world issues.
2. Critical review – focuses on theories or hypotheses and examines
meanings and results of their application to situation.
3. State-of-the-Art review – makes the researcher deal with the latest
research studies on the subject.
4. Expert review – encourages a well-known expert to do the RRL
because of the influence of certain ideology, paradigm, or belief on
him/her.
5. Scoping review – prepares a situation for a future research work in the
form of project making about community development, government
policies, and health services, among others.
 Systematic Review of 9

Literature
Systematic reviews aim to find as much as possible of the
research relevant to the particular research questions, and use
explicit methods to identify what can reliably be said on the
basis of these studies. Methods should not only be explicit but
systematic with the aim of producing varied and reliable results.
Such reviews then go on to synthesize research findings in a
form which is easily accessible to those who have to make policy
or practice decisions. In this way, systematic reviews reduce the
bias which can occur in other approaches to reviewing research
evidence.
 10

Steps in Conducting a Systematic Review

1. Clarifying the research questions

2. Planning the research based on your understanding of the
research questions
3. Searching for literature
4. Listing criteria for considering the values of written works
5. Evaluating the quality of previous research studies
6. Summarizing the various forms of knowledge collected
 11

The following table shows the way several books on RRL.

Compare and contrast the two styles of RRL.
Standards Traditional Review Systematic Review
Inquiry-based techniques involving Wide and thorough search for all
Nature of studies
several studies studies
Quality appraisal Reviewers views Assessment checklists
Graphical and short summary
Summary Narrative
answers

Standards Traditional Review Systematic Review

To have a thorough and clear
Purpose
understanding of the field
Scope Comprehensive, wide picture
Indefinite plan, permits creative and
Review Design
exploratory plan
Choice of studies Purposeful selection by the reviewer
To meet a certain objective based on
specific research questions
Restricted focus
Viewable process and paper trail
Prepared standards for studies
selection
 12

REFERENCING
 13

Referencing is important
1. It shows where you got information from (you are not making up)
2. It acknowledges the contribution of other people.
3. It helps other people find source you found if they want more
detail.
4. It stops you being accused of plagiarism
5. It allows people to check the accuracy of your interpretation of
other people‘s work. It is not just referencing that is important it is
also the accuracy of the referencing and the consistent use of a
style. There are two places in research chapter where referencing is
placed: as cited in Chapter I and in the Reference List or
Bibliography.
 14

All reading materials related to your research that

you intend to review or re-examine offer you concepts,
ideas, or information belonging to other people. Having
honesty, respect, or courtesy to the owners of these
varied forms of knowledge as well as gratefulness for
their valuable contribution to the field, you see to it that
the names of these idea owners or authors appear in the
appropriate sections of your research paper
 15

Other people’s ideas incorporated in the central section or

main body of your paper are to be cited or referred to the
true owners of borrowed ideas. Referring to authors within
the main body of the paper is called Citation or In-text
Citation; at the end of the paper, it is called Bibliography
or References. The two most commonly used referencing
styles are the MLA (Modern Language Association) and
the APA (American Psychological Association). The
following table shows you how these two referencing
styles differ in some aspects
16
 17

Examples of MLA Referencing Style

1. Citation or In-text Citation
(Zobel 287)
(Lopena, Torres, Bado 90–150)
(Carlos et al. 134–150)
(Gorio: 1: 66–70)
2. Documentary Notes
The same as the entries in a bibliography or References,
except that, here, the frst name precedes the family name of
the author.
Fely Decena, G. Globalization. Quezon City: GB Press. 2016
Mariano Lopez. Tropical Depressions.
 18
3. Bibliography/References
One author
Decena, Fely G. Globalization. (Quezon City: GB Press. 2016).
Lopez, Mariano. Tropical Depressions. (Manila: Adarna Publishing
House, 2016).
Two Authors
Certeza, Nina C. and David, Jose L. Intercultural Competence. (Baguio
City: KLM Co., 2018).
Ramos, Hilario R. and Benitez, Rosie M. Academic Competitions.
(Manila: National Bookstore, 2016).
Three Authors
(List down the names in the order they appear in the title page.)
Perez, Dino A., Mista, Dora C. and Paluan, Gloria F.
CarcinogenicFoods. (Pasay City: ABC Press, 2016).
Flores, Lauro D. Aranda, Ben C., and Ferrer, Socorro V. The Manila
Voters. (Quezon City: Abiva Publishing House, 2016).
 19

Editor, Translator, Compiler

Fidel, Gabby. F. ed. Philippine Trial Courts. (Manila: PH Press, 2016).

Editor, Translator, Compiler with an Author

Parayno, Gabriel. F. Philippine Politics. Edited by Kay Abante and
Cora Cortez. (Manila: PH Press, 2016).

Organization, Association, or Corporation as Author

International Monetary Fund, Survey of Asian Economies. Vol. 6,
Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and Philippines (New York:
International Monetary Fund, 2008).

No Ascertainable Publication Facts

Carillo, Cory. The Marcos Regime. (n.p., n.d.)
 20

Popular Magazines
Soriano, Mila. “ The French Dishes,” Panorama, March 2016, pp. 23–26.
Romulo, Arnold. “Oregano Leaves.” World Mission, May 8, 2016, p. 8.

Newspapers
News items from daily papers are rarely listed in a bibliography.
Rather, the name of the paper may be given either in the general
alphabetical list or in a separate section devoted to the newspapers.

Interviews
Interviews are best cited in texts or notes. It is not necessary to include
them in a bibliography, but if they are listed, the entries should appear
in this manner:
 21

Maps

our
our office
office

Find more maps at slidescarnival.com/extra-free-resources-icons-and-maps

 22
Theses, Dissertations, and Other Unpublished Works
Villaroman, Rina. D. “Traditional Language Theories” (Ph. D diss.,
U.P. Diliman, 2016).
Ocampo, Dolores G. “Critical Evaluation of UST High School
Language Books” (M. A. UST, 2016)

Reference Books: Encyclopedia, Dictionary, Almanac, Indexes,

etc.
Well-known reference books are usually not listed in bibliographies.
When such reference books are listed in notes, the facts about the
publication are usually omitted, but the edition, if not the frst, must be
specifed.
References to encyclopedia, dictionary, or to the alphabetically
arranged works cite the items (not the volume or page number)
preceded by S.V. or sub verbo, meaning under the word.
 23

1. Encyclopedia Britannica, 10th ed., S.V. “Ozone Layer.”

2. Columbia Encyclopedia, 5th ed., S.V. “Industrial Revolution.”

3. Webster’s New International Dictionary, 3rd ed., S.V.

“cantankerous.”

Slides and Film’s Videocasettes

Fajardo, Carina C. “Yolanda Rescuers.” (Quezon City: Palmall
Press, 2016) slides.
Arenas, Carl A. “Cars for Rent.” (Manila: SSG Press, 2016) filmstrip.
 24

Materials through Computers

1. Signed article in a magazine
Smith, Robert. “Email Craze.” Interactions. July 2016.
http://www.inter.com/Jol/labor.htm/
2. Unsigned article in a magazine
“Power Interview.” Business Trends Magazine. August 2016.
http://www.BusTRendscom/Bus Trends/Trends/ctshoot.htmlz
3. Article in Journal
“Systemic Functional Grammar.” English Forum. 38.7(2016). 18
May 2016.
<http://www.jhu.edu/English Studies Journal/vol.83/83.1
strethson.htmlz.
 25
4. Article in Newspaper
Salcedo, Jeorge. “Japanese trafc Rules.” New Daily Life Star. 21 December
2017. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/26 world/28 MIDE.htmlz.
5. An Editorial
“Golden Gate at San Francisco City” Editorial. Philippine Daily Inquirer.
July 7, 2016. http://www.a-pinq.com/ed/2016/24/po4.htmlz/
6. Online books
Barbour, Kate D. Constructivism. 2016. http: AMPRA 2
etext 2014/14w0310txtz.
Alison, Gloria G. “Skills and Strategies.” 15–20, May 2016 dialog ERIC
AED23376.
7. CD-ROM/Diskette
Diamante, Pete B. “Radiotherapy Treatment.” Manila Post News Bank.
April 2017:
TI Manila Post News Bank. CD-ROM. News Bank.
“Domestic Helper.” The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD-ROM. Oxford UP,
2017.
 26
Examples of APA Referencing Style
1. Citation or In-text Citation
(Lopena, 2016) (Olivarez, 2017)
(Cortez, Mabeza, Brado, 2016, pp. 120–130)
According to Flores (2017)…
A study on the Pork Barrel Scam is a “doable research work”
(Abunda, 2016, p.78)
2. Bibliography/References
One author
Floro, J. A. (2016). The Colds Virus. Quezon City: GB Press.
Gorrez, B. M. (2017). The Philippine Educational System. Manila:
Adarna Publishing House.
Two Authors 27

Oropesa, N. C. and Danes, J. L. (2017). Coron Islands. Baguio City: KLM

Company.

Three Authors (List down the names in the order they appear in the title page.)
Regalaa, C. A., Bautista, C. C. and Laya, G. F. (2017). The Philippines’
Supreme Court Justice. Pasay City: ABC Press.

Three or More Authors (Use the name of the frst author listed on the title page.)
Bora, E. N. et al. ( 2016). BIR Regional Ofces.QuezonCity:RexBookstore.
Avilla, V. et al. (2016). Labour Unions. Pasig City: Hope Press.

Anonymous Author (If the authorship of a work is known but not revealed on the
title page, the name is given in brackets.)
[Candelario, E.]. The opium craze. (2016). Nowhere: Nonesuch Press.
[Amarillo, L.]. Pragmatism. (2016). Nowhere: Nonesuch Publication.
(If the identity of the author is guessed, a question mark follows the name
before the closing bracket.)
 28

Editor, Translator, Compiler

Parehas, G. F. (2016). ed. Folk’s lucky charms. Manila: PH Press.
Delarosa, L. F. (2016). comp. Philippine Banking System. Quezon
City: Abiva Publishing House.

Editor, Translator, Compiler with an Author

Garabillo, G. F. (2016). Science textbook writing. Edited by Gina Alano
and Chito Fortez. Manila: PH Press.

Amante, J. S. ( 2016). Pope Francis. Translated by Carina Davalos.

Makati City: Rex Press.
 29
Organization, Association, or Corporation as Author
International Monetary Fund, 2008. Survey of Asian Economies. Vol. 6,
Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, and Philippines. New York: International
Monetary Fund.
No Ascertainable Publication Facts
Corona, L. The rise and fall of the Roman empire. (n.p., n.d.)
Socorro, D. Private law schools. (n.p., n.d.)
Popular Magazines
Alamares, M. (March 2016). “The French cuisine.” Panorama, pp. 23–26.
Paras, A. (May 8, 2016). “The 2016 ASEAN conference.” World
Mission, p. 8.
 30
Newspapers
Tan, C.S. “Posh subdivisions in Pasay City.” (2016). Philippine Daily
Inquirer. 7 May.
Manila Bulletin. (2017). Editorial, 2 December.
Malaya. (2016). Editorial, 18 July.
Interviews
Corpuz, F. (April 2016). “Quantitative research: interview with Felicitas
Corpuz.” April 2016. Interview by Anabelle Gomez. The Manila
Bulletin,
Claro, E. (May 2017). “High-school institutions: interview with Dr. John.
Almeda.” Interview by Lina Carillo. The Daily Tribune.
 31

Theses, Dissertations, and Other Unpublished Works

Parayno, R. D. (2016). “Meta-cognitive reading among basic learners.”
Ph. D diss., U.P. Diliman.
Mariano, D. G. ( 2017). “English plus textbooks in college: discourse
Analysis.” M. A. UST.
Slides and Film’s Videocasettes
Prudencio, K. C. (2016). “Urban planning.” Quezon City: Palmall Press.
slides.
Barcenas, E. A. (2017). “Philippine shopping malls.” Manila: SSG
Press. filmstrip.
 32
Materials through Computers
1. Signed article in a magazine
Alegre,R.(July2016).“Social-medianetworks.” Personality growth. Retrieved
from http://www.inter.com/Jol/labor.htm/
2. Unsigned article in a magazine
“Unstructured interview. (August 2016).” Business Trends Magazine.
Retrieved from http://www.BusTRendscom/Bus Trends/Trends/ctshoot.
htmlz.
3. Article in Journal
“Linguistic competence. (18 May 2016).” English Forum. Retrieved from
http://www.jhu.edu/English Studies Journal/vol.83/83.1strethson.
htmlz.
 33
4. Article in Newspaper
Davalos, J. “ The era of globalization.” (21 December 2016). New Daily Life Star. Retrieved
from http://www.nytimes.com/2016/26 world/28 MIDE. htmlz.
5. An Editorial
“Politics in the Philippines. (7 July 2016).” Editorial. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved from
http://www.a-pinq.com/ed/2016/24/po4.htmlz/
6. Online books
Silverman, F. D. (2016). American pragmatics. Retrieved from http: AMPRA 2
etext2014/14w0310txtz.
Forbes, J. G. (15–20, May 2017). “Non-verbal language.” Retrieved from dialog ERIC
AED23376.
7. CD-RM/Diskette
Muralla, P. B. (April 2016). “Stem-cell treatment.” Manila Post News Bank. TI Manila Post
News Bank. CD-ROM. News Bank.
 34

Thanks!
Any questions?
You can find me at:
@username
user@mail.me
35