CHAPTER 1

QUADRATIC FUNCTION AND

EXPRESSION IN ONE VARIABLE
MATHEMATICS FORM 4 KSSM
PREPARED BY
TEACHER_AZLINA
The image below shows a motor cycle jumping a ramp. What
‘shape’ is the path that the moto cycle follows?

The shape of this

movement is a
parabola.
parabola Do you know that this
parabola has its own
equation?
Example 1
Identify And Describe
Determine whether each of the following expressions is a quadratic
expression in one variable. If not, justify your answer. The Characteristics Of
Quadratic Expressions
 𝟑 𝒙𝟐 +𝟔 𝒚 In One Variable
 𝟐 𝒙 𝟑 +𝟓  𝟑 𝒙𝟐 +𝟔
𝟐
 𝟏
𝟐
 𝟑 𝒙 + 𝟏
𝟐   𝟏   A quadratic expression
𝒙 −𝟐 𝒙 𝒙
𝟑 𝟑 𝒙𝟐 𝟑
in one variable is an
Quadratic Not a quadratic expression in one expression whereby the
expression in one variable highest power for the
variable
variable is two.

The highest power of the variable is 3.  All quadratic expressions

can be written in the
form of ax2 + bx + c,
There are two variable, x and y.
where a, b and c are
constants and , x is a
There is a variable with a power which is not a variable.
whole number.
Example 2
Identify And Describe
State the values of a, b and c for each of the following quadratic expressions. The Characteristics Of
Quadratic Expressions
ax2 + bx + c In One Variable
(a) (b)
  A quadratic expression
a =3 b = –4 c =5   𝟏
a =− b = –2 c =8 in one variable is an
𝟑
expression whereby the
(c) (d) highest power for the
2 variable is two.
a = –1 b =0 c =7
3𝑘 − 15𝑘
 

a =3 b = –15 c =0  All quadratic expressions

can be written in the
(e) (f)
form of ax2 + bx + c,
where a, b and c are
   𝟓   constants and , x is a
a = b =0 c = a = b =0 c = 0
𝟕
variable.
Example 3

Determine whether each of the following is a quadratic Determine the different

function or quadratic expression. between quadratic function
and quadratic expression

(a) 3 
  A quadratic expression
Quadratic
is written in the form of
(b) Expression
+ bx + c, a ≠ 0.

 Quadratic function is
(c) Quadratic written in the form of
Function
f(x) = + bx + c.

 Represented by a graph.
(d) 3k ( k-5)

x x
Intersection point
Recognise quadratic
function as many-to-one
relation, hence, describe
the characteristics of
quadratic functions.

Use horizontal line to

determine whether a
function is one-to-one or
many-to-one

Number of points of intersection

= 2

Points of intersection
=
(-1 , 4) (4 , 4)
 Recognise quadratic
x f(x) function as many-to-one
x x relation, hence, describe
the characteristics of
Intersection point
quadratic functions.

Use horizontal line to

determine whether a
function is one-to-one or
many-to-one

Number of points of intersection

= 2 The type of relation of a
quadratic function is a
Points of intersection
many-to-one relation.
=
-1 , 4)
(-1 4 4 , 4)
(4 4
 Recognise quadratic
function as many-to-one
relation, hence, describe
the characteristics of
quadratic functions.

Use horizontal line to

determine whether a
x x
function is one-to-one or
many-to-one

Number of points of intersection

= 2

Points of intersection
=
(0 , 1) (4 , 1)

x f(x)
Recognise quadratic
function as many-to-one
relation, hence, describe
the characteristics of
quadratic functions.

Use horizontal line to

determine whether a
x x
function is one-to-one or
many-to-one

Number of points of intersection

= 2 The type of relation of a
quadratic function is a
Points of intersection
many-to-one relation.
=
(0,
0 1)
1 4 , 1)
(4 1
 a > 0. a < 0.
Describe the
characteristics of
Miximum point quadratic functions.

Minimum point  For a graph of

f (x) = ax2 + bx + c, a ≠ 0

The graph of f is a parabola with vertex (h, k). (a) there are only two shapes
of the graphs,

(b)the value of a determines

Click the link below and drag the slider to show the animation of the shape of the graph.
the graph shape change based on the value of a
(c)if a > 1, vertex (h, k) is
https://www.geogebra.org/graphing/pp5dvf8v minimum point

(d)(d) if a < 1 vertex (h, k) is

maximum point
Example 4

 Complete the table below for the following function.

Describe the
characteristics of
(a)
quadratic functions.

Value of a   1
𝑎= (a) there are only two shapes
Shape of graph 3
Open Up of the graphs and the value
Maximum/mini
mum point and
@ smile of a determines the curve
coordinates shape of the graph.
Minimum point
Axis of
(6, –8) 10.5
symmetry 1.5

a > 0. a < 0.
 𝑥=6
 if a > 1, vertex (h, k) is

1.5+10.5 minimum point

 
Axis of symmetry parallel to the y-axis and
𝑥=
2  if a < 1 vertex (h, k) is
passes through the maximum or minimum
 𝑥=6 maximum point
point.
Example 4

 Complete the table below for the following function.

Describe the
characteristics of
(b)
quadratic functions.

Value of a
𝑎=−1
  (a) there are only two shapes
Shape of graph
Open down of the graphs and the value
Maximum/mini
mum point and
@ sad of a determines the curve
coordinates shape of the graph.
Maximum point –0.15 6.15
Axis of
symmetry (3, 10)

a > 0. a < 0.
 𝑥=3
 if a > 1, vertex (h, k) is

−0.15+6.15 minimum point

 
Axis of symmetry parallel to the y-axis and
𝑥=
2  if a < 1 vertex (h, k) is
passes through the maximum or minimum
 𝑥=3 maximum point
point.
Example 4

 Complete the table below for the following function.

Describe the
characteristics of
(c)
The coordinate and the quadratic functions.
equation of the axis of
Value of a
 𝑎=5 symmetry can be find using:
(a) there are only two shapes
Shape of graph 𝒃
  of the graphs and the value
Maximum/mini Open up 𝒙 =−
@ smile 𝟐𝒂 of a determines the curve
mum point and
coordinates shape of the graph.
Minimum point   (− 30)
Axis of 𝑥=−
symmetry (3, 4) 2(5)
 𝑥=3
a > 0. a < 0.
 𝑥=3 2
𝑓  ( 𝑥 )=5 ( 3 ) −30 ( 3 ) +49
 if a > 1, vertex (h, k) is
𝑓  ( 𝑥)= 4 minimum point
Axis of symmetry parallel to the y-axis and 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚
  𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 =(3 , 4)  if a < 1 vertex (h, k) is
passes through the maximum or minimum
maximum point
point.
Example 4

 Complete the table below for the following function.

Describe the
The coordinate and the characteristics of
(d)
equation of the axis of quadratic functions.
symmetry can be find using:
Value of a
𝑎=−1
 
  𝒃 (a) there are only two shapes
Shape of graph 𝒙 =−
Open down 𝟐𝒂 of the graphs and the value
Maximum/mini
mum point and
@ sad of a determines the curve
coordinates   1 shape of the graph.
Maximum point 𝑥=−
Axis of 2(− 1)
 𝟏 𝟗
symmetry
(𝟐 , 𝟒)  𝑥= 1
2
2
  1 1 a > 0. a < 0.
  𝑓 𝑥 =−
( )
2 ( ) − +2
2  if a > 1, vertex (h, k) is

 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 9 minimum point
Axis of symmetry parallel to the y-axis and 4  if a < 1 vertex (h, k) is
passes through the maximum or minimum   1 9
𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 =( , ) maximum point
point. 2 4