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MATERIALS

METALS COMPOSITES

POLYMERS CERAMICS

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1. METALS
 Metals are elements that generally have
good electrical and thermal conductivity.
 Many metals have high strength, high
stiffness, and have good ductility.
 Some metals, such as iron, cobalt and
nickel are magnetic.
 At extremely low temperatures, some
metals and intermetallic compounds
become superconductors

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Pure metals
 Pure metals are elements which comes from a
particular area of the periodic table.
 Examples of pure metals include copper in electrical
wires and aluminum in cooking foil and beverage cans.

Metal Alloys
 Metal Alloys contain more than one metallic element.
Their properties can be changed by changing the
elements present in the alloy.
 Examples of metal alloys include stainless steel
which is an alloy of iron, nickel, and chromium;
 Gold jewelry which usually contains an alloy of gold
and nickel
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Properties of metals include:
 density
 fracture
 toughness
 strength
 ductility
 elastisity
 plastic deformation
 hardness

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  The atomic bonding of metals also affects
their properties.
 In metals, the outer valence electrons are
shared among all atoms, and are free to
travel everywhere.
 Since electrons conduct heat and electricity,
metals make good cooking pans and
electrical wires.
 Many metals and alloys have high densities
and are used in applications which require a
high mass-to-volume ratio.
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 Some metal alloys, such as those based
on Aluminum, have low densities and are
used in aerospace applications for fuel
economy.

Many metal alloys also have high fracture

toughness, which means they can
withstand impact and are durable.
(menahan dampak dan tahan lama)
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2. Polymers
 A polymer has a repeating structure,
usually based on a carbon backbone.
The repeating structure results in large
chainlike molecules
 Polymers are useful because they are
lightweight, corrosion resistant, easy to
process at low temperatures, and are
generally inexpensive.

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Characteristics of polymers
 Some important characteristics of polymers
include their size (or molecular weight),
softening and melting points, crystallinity, and
structure.
 The mechanical properties of polymers generally
include low strength and high toughness.
 Their strength is often improved using reinforced
composite structures.
 One of the distinct properties of polymers is that
they are poor conductors of electricity and heat,
which makes them good insulators.

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3. Ceramics
 A ceramic is often broadly defined as any
inorganic nonmetallic material. Examples of
such materials can be anything from NaCl
(table salt) to clay (a complex silicate).
 Some of the useful properties of ceramics
and glasses include high melting
temperature, low density, high strength,
stiffness, hardness, wear resistance, and
corrosion resistance.
 Many ceramics are good electrical and
thermal insulators.

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Ceramics properties
 Some ceramics have special
properties: some ceramics are
magnetic materials; some are
piezoelectric materials; and a few
special ceramics are superconductors
at very low temperatures
 Ceramics and glasses have one major
drawback: they are brittle.

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Glasses
 A glass is an inorganic nonmetallic
material that does not have a
crystalline structure. Such materials
are said to be amorphous.
 Examples of glasses range from the
soda-lime silicate glass in soda bottles
to the extremely high purity silica glass
in optical fibers

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4. Composites
 Composites are formed from two or more
types of materials. Examples include
polymer/ceramic and metal/ceramic
composites.
 Composites are used because overall
properties of the composites are superior to
those of the individual components.
 For example: polymer/ceramic composites
have a greater modulus than the polymer
component, but aren't as brittle as ceramics.
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Material Properties I
 Modulus of Elasticity
 Tensile strength
 Ductility
 Toughness

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Tensile test
 Tensile test determines the strength of the
material when subjected to a simple
stretching operation.
 Typically, standard dimension test samples
are pulled slowly at a uniform rate in a
testing machine while the strain is defined as
Engineering Strain = Change in Length /
Original Length
Engineering Stress = Applied Force / Original
Area 

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the stress-strain diagram of a ductile material where the linear portion
of the graph indicates elastic deformation.

Stress -Strain Diagram Test Specimen

Regangan - tegangan
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 Modulus of Elasticity
The initial slope of the curve, related
directly to the strength of the atomic bonds.
 This modulus indicates
the stiffness of the
material.
 Modulus Elasticity is
also known as Young's
Modulus
 Modulus of Elasticity =
E = Change in Stress/
Change in Strain

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 Tensile Strength:
The maximum stress applied to the specimen.

 Tensile strength is
also known as
Ultimate Strength.
(The highest point
on the stress-strain
diagram)

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 Ductility:
The total elongation of specimen due to plastic
deformation, neglecting the elastic stretching (the broken
ends snap back) and separate after failure

ductility is a solid material's ability to

deform under tensile stress; this is
often characterized by the material's
ability to be stretched into a wire

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 Toughness:
The total area under the curve, which measures the energy
absorbed by specimen in process of breaking

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 Tensile Test Machine
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 Extensometer

 Extensometer: The instrument that measures

the elongation of a material while applying tension.
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 Plastic deformation: corresponds to the
breaking of bond with original atom
neighbors and then reforming bonds with
new neighbors ; upon removal of the
stress they do not return to their original
position
 Hardness: a measure of a material’s
resistance to localized plastic deformation

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 Measurement of Elongation Comparison of Breaks

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 The Olympic Stadium in Munich
makes extensive use
of tensile roofing structures
A Vickers hardness tester The world's first tensile steel
Shell by
Vladimir Shukhov
(during construction),
Nizhny Novgorod, 1896

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 Ductility Tester

There are several variables that have a profound

influence on the toughness of a material.

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