Introduction To Imunologi

DURING LECTURE/DISCUSSION
* S.Wahyuni/lecture/immunology/S1 1
References
• Basic Immunology (Fifth Edition): Abul K.

Abbas,
• Imunologi: Syarifuddin Wahid dan Upik
Anderiani Miskad
INTRODUCTION TO THE IMMUNE
SYSTEM
Sitti Wahyuni, MD, PhD
Department of Parasitology,
Medical Faculty, Hasanuddin University
History of Immunology
• IMMUNITY
– Derived from the Latin word IMMUNIS
– Protection from legal prosecution
– Now, in medical terms, it denotes resistance
to reinfection🡪 free of disease.
Thucydides (430 BC)
• Plague of Athens: those who had survived
from the disease will never face the same
problem
• It was from experience
• The same man was never attacked twice -
never at least fatally”
• Resistance to re-infection🡪 Immunity
Smallpox
- Caused by the Variola major
virus
- Sreads very easily from person
to person
- Symptoms: flu-like(high fever,
fatigue and headache and
backache,
- followed by a rash with flat red
sores.
Smallpox inoculation or variolation is a great
invention of medicine in ancient China.
Founder of Immunology
Founder of Immunology
Edward Jenner memorial hall Edward Jenner(1749 － 1823)
Preparation of smallpox
• Edward Jenner
– Chinese-variolation
• Prophylactic measure against Smallpox
– 1798-Cow Pox/Vaccinia Induced Protection Against
Small Pox-Vaccination
– 2 Centuries to Eradicate Small Pox
– Greatest Triumph in Modern Medicine
10
11
WHO announcement
(1980): smallpox was the
first disease that had
been eradicated
worldwide by a program
of vaccination
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
1880 Vaccine
1881 Vaccine to Anthrax
1885 Vaccine to Rabies
• 1890 von Behring and Kitasato:
– Filtrates from cultures of
Clost. tetani can confer
protection.
– Serotherapy
– Serum of vaccinated people
had substances that
specifically bound to the Emil Adolf von Behring, 1854-1917
relevant pathogen A German bacteriologist
(ANTIBODIES)
14
430 B.C. Thucydides People have been sicked free from illness
1798 Jenner Vaccination
1880 Pasteur Attenuated chicken cholera vaccine
1890 Behring/Kitasato Antitoxin ―Humoralimmunity hypothesis
1883 Metchnikoff Endocytosis - Cytoimmunity hypothesis
1905 Pirquet/Schick Horse serum sickness (Hypersensitivity)
1945 Owen/Burnet Immune tolerance hypothesis
1959 Burnet Clonal selection hypothesis
Nomenclature
• Immunity: resistance to patogen.
• immune system: the collection of cells, tissues, and
molecules that mediate resistance to patogen
• immune response : the coordinated reaction of
immune system to pathogen
• Immunology: the study of the immune system and its
responses to invading pathogens.
The physiologic function of the immune
system is to prevent the pathogen and to
eradicate established pathogens
The importance of the immune system in health and disease
The effectiveness of vaccination for some common infectious diseases
Questions to be addressed
• What types of immune responses protect
individuals from infections?
• What are the important characteristics of
immunity, and what mechanisms are
responsible for these characteristics?
• How are the cells and tissues of the immune
system organized to find microbes and
respond to them in ways that lead to their
elimination?
Innate and Adaptive Immunity
Host defense mechanisms consist of:
• Innate immunity
– Initial protection against infections
– Natural or native immunity because always
present in healthy individuals,
Innate and Adaptive Immunity
Host defense mechanisms consist of:
• Adaptive immunity
– Develop slowly
– Mediate the later even
– More effective, defense against infections
– Specific or acquired immunity because is
stimulated by microbes that invade tissues,
that is, it adapts to the presence of microbial
invaders.
The principal mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity
Innate Immunity
• Function and component:
– To block the entry of microbes: done by epithelial barriers
and by specialized cells and natural antibiotics present in
epithelia, all of which function
– To eliminate infection when microbes do breach epithelia
and enter the tissues or circulation: Done by phagocytes,
specialized lymphocytes called natural killer cells, and
several plasma proteins, including the proteins of the
complement system
– To enhance adaptive immune responses against the
infectious agents.
• Recognize structures of pathogen shared by classes of
microbes
Adaptive Immunity
• Defense against infectious agents that are
resist to innate immunity
• Express receptors that specifically recognize
different substances produced by microbes as
well as noninfectious molecules (antigens)
• Only triggered if microbes or their antigens
are delivered to lymphoid organs
• Specialized to combat different types of
infections
Types of adaptive immunity
Immunity may be induced by
• Active immunity
– Receive after natural infection or vaccination
– Will mounts an active response to eradicate the infection and develops
resistance to later infection
– May long life
• Passive immunity
– Transfer of antibodies or lymphocytes from an actively immunized individual
– A naive individual receives cells from another individual already immune to an
infection
– For the lifetime of the transferred antibodies or cells, the recipient is able to
combat the infection.
– Useful for rapidly conferring immunity even before the individual is able to
mount an active response,
– Not induce long-lived resistance to the infection
How can immunity be induced in an individual?
Yes
(T cells)
Properties of Adaptive Immune Responses
Clonal selection
Primary and secondary immune responses
SUMMARY
• The physiologic function of the immune system is to

protect individuals against infections.
• Innate immunity is the early line of defense, mediated
by cells and molecules that are always present and
ready to eliminate infectious microbes. Adaptive
immunity is the form of immunity that is stimulated by
microbes, has a fine specificity for foreign substances,
and responds more effectively against each successive
exposure to a microbe.
• Lymphocytes are the cells of adaptive immunity and
are the only cells with clonally distributed receptors for
antigens.

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DURING LECTURE/DISCUSSION

• Basic Immunology (Fifth Edition): Abul K.

Edward Jenner memorial hall Edward Jenner(1749 － 1823)

• The physiologic function of the immune system is to

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