Yesterday

and
Today B Y: J E S T E R C . M A B U T I

D AT E : F E B R U A RY 2 0 , 2 0 2 1
 • History Background of
Management
• Early evidences of
Overview management practice.
• Development of Major
Management Theories
Management is the
discipline which has not
evolved out of “magic
box”, many people from
different backgrounds
ranging from engineers to
psychologists and from
academicians to
practitioners have
contributed to the field of
management.
Introduction
Success in
management
requires learning
as fast as the world
is changing
-Warren Bennis
Why Study Management Theory? 
Coherent group of assumptions put forth to explain the
relationship between two or more observable facts and to
provide a sound basis for predicting future events
By definition, theories have
boundaries; there is only so
 It provide a stable focus for understanding what we much that can be covered by any
experience one theory. •

Enable us to communicate efficiently and thus move into more Once we are aware of this, we
and more complex relationships with other people (imagine are better able to ask ourselves if
the frustration you would encounter with other people, you there are alternative ways of
always had to define even the most basic assumption you looking at the world.
make about the world in which you live.

Theories Make it possible-indeed, challenge us-to keep

learning about our world
Evolution of Management
During the Middle Ages 476 AD
Management practice is as A hierarchy of control and power, similar to that of the Catholic
old as human civilization Church
when people started living The Industrial Revolution, late 1700s through the 1800s,
together in groups. was a period of great upheaval and massive change in the way
people lived and worked.
 
The Scientific Era – Measuring Human Capital
With the emergence of new technologies came demands for
increased productivity and efficiency. 

Employees and the Organization

With the increased demand for production brought about by
scientific measurement, conflict between labor and management
was inevitable.
 Evolution of Management
The Modern Era
Managing By Objective and defined individual responsibilities.
The 21st Century
Managers in the 21st century must confront challenges their counterparts of even a few years ago could
hardly imagine. 

Technology
Management in this era has to grapple with the explosion of data now available to facilitate business
decisions
Artificial Intelligence
Will robots replace workers? To be sure, this has already happened to some degree in many industries. 
Globalization
Globalization has been defined as the interdependence of the world’s economies and has been on a
steady march forward since the end of World War II. 
Ancient Management
◦ Egypt (pyramids) and China (Great Wall)
◦ Venetians (floating warship assembly lines)
Adam Smith
◦ Published The Wealth of Nations in 1776 History
◦ Advocated the division of labor (job
specialization) to increase the productivity
Background
of workers
Of
Industrial Revolution
◦ Substituted machine power for human labor Management
◦ Created large organizations in need of
management
Early evidences
of management
practice.
The Pyramids
The Pyramids are a particularly remarkable
example.
• The construction of a single pyramid
occupied more than 100,000 workers for 20
years.
• Managers told each worker what to do
and to keep workers busy.
• Someone had to plan what was to be
done, organize people and materials to do
it, lead and direct the workers, and impose
some controls to ensure that everything was
done as planned.
SIGNIFICANT EVENTS IN
HISTORY

Adam Smith
The Wealth of the Nation

Industrial Revolution
Two Significant Event in the History of Management

THE WEALTH OF THE NATION INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

History General economic view at machine power was

the time: gold and silver = wealth
Nations focused on exports over
imports
Smith rejected the Townshend act
which declared that there would
betaxes on tea, paint, glass etc
substituted for human power
, efficient factories needed
someone to forecast demand,
assign task to people, direct
daily activities
Development of Major Management Theories
What do we mean by
Management Transactional
set of general rules
Theories? theories

explanation to
assist employees
Forces Influencing Management
Theories
1.Social Forces:
Social forces are the norms and values that characterize a
culture.
2. Economic Forces
Economic factors have influenced the way businesses
developed and designed their organizational structures,
workforce.
3. Political forces
such as governmental regulations play a significant role in
how organizations choose to manage themselves.
 Management theory is a
multidisciplinary academic
field, whose links to practice
are controversial.
-John Dean