A

SEMINAR PRESENTATION
ON
“CAUSES AND PREVENTIONS ON ACCIDENTS ON CONSTRUCTION SITES”

SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

MR. GOURI SHANKAR SONI PRANAV NEPALIA
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT 08TH SEMESTER; 04TH YEAR
(CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT) (CIVIL ENGINEERING BRANCH)

(01.)
CONTENT…
o OBJECTIVE OF CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS ON CONSTRUCTION
SITES.
o FLOWCHART (NO. OF DEATHS BECAUSE OF ACCIDENTS ON CONSTRUCTION SITE)
o TYPES OF ACCIDENTS
o CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS ON CONSTRUCTION SITE.
o PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS ON CONSTRUCTION SITE
o PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS
o CONCLUSION

(02.)
OBJECTIVE OF ACCIDENTS…
o CAUSES: To find out the causes of this problem so that it can be solved from the root more
easily and efficiently.
o PREVENTION:
01. To outline the difference between reactive and pro-active means of accident prevention.
02. To provide a general overview of the different types of accident prevention measures
common in industry today.
03. To define the hierarchy of risk control.

(03.)
FLOW CHART …
(NUMBERS OF DEATHS BECAUSE OF ACCIDENTS ON CONSTRUCTION SITES)

(05.)
TYPES OF ACCIDENTS ON CONSTRUCTION
SITE?
Basically, there are two types of accidents on construction site. They are,
o MINOR ACCIDENTS
o MAJOR ACCIDENTS

(06.)
CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS ON CONSTRUCTION
SITE…
A study on the causes of accidents in the construction industry are classified into two main
factors, which are human factor and physical factor.
The main causes of accidents are…
o Lack of protection of falling from height of A human.
o Lack of protection of falling from height of an object.
o Unsafe working conditions.
o Improper or missing labeling of hazardous materials.
o Scaffolding accidents.
o Failure to use/provide respiratory protection.
o Violations of forklift safety rules.

(09.)
o Construction vehicle accidents.
o Unsafe ladders.
o Electrical Hazards.
o Lack of safeguards around machinery.
o Medical Conditions.

(10.)
o LACK OF
PROTECTION OF
FALLING FROM
HEIGHT OF A
HUMAN ON
CONSTRUCTION
SITE …
Falling accidents typically occur
when a worker steps to or backwards
an open-sided floor or slab and
focuses on the work. Slip, trips and
low falls are the most common
forms, and usually cause minor
injuries. By contrast, fatal accidents
can be caused by falls from heights,
and in most cases workers suffer FIGURE: LACK OF PROTECTION OF FALLING FROM
from head or shoulder wounds. Lack HEIGHT OF A HUMAN.
of opening protections, inadequate
edge protections, may lead to
potential falling hazards.
(11.)
o LACK OF
PROTECTION OF
FALLING FROM
HEIGHT OF A
OBJECT ON
CONSTRUCTION
SITE …
In the site when a object is dropped
onto you from the above without any
warning or the ability on your part to
move out of the way causing an
injury to you which makes it
impossible for you to continue
working. Injuries could vary from
minor cuts and bruises to more
FIGURE: LACK OF PROTECTION OF FALLING FROM
serious crush injuries and head and HEIGHT OF AN OBJECT
brain injuries.

(12.)
o UNSAFE
WORKING
CONDITION ON
CONSTRUCTION
SITE …
An unsafe condition is “a condition
in which the physical layout of the
workplace or work locations, the
status of tools, equipment’s, and / or
material are in violation of
contemporary safety standards”.

FIGURE: UNSAFE WORKING CONDITION

(13.)
o IMPROPER OR
MISSING
LABELING OF
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
ON
CONSTRUCTION
SITE …
Every equipment on construction site
should be properly labelled so that
labor's are able to use equipment
properly.

FIGURE: LABEL MISSING MACHINE

(14.)
o SCAFFOLDING
ACCIDENTS ON
CONSTRUCTION
SITE …
Scaffolding accidents causes large
numbers of deaths and injuries every
year. Most accidents are caused by
scaffold equipment failure,
inadequate scaffolding safety
training, lack of personal fall
protective systems, or improper
scaffolding equipment operation. In
addition, materials and tools falling
off scaffolding may also cause
injuries.
FIGURE: SCAFFOLDING COLLISION

(15.)
o FAILURE TO
PROVIDE
RESPIRATORY
PROTECTION ON
CONSTRUCTION
SITE …
When employees must work in environments
with insufficient oxygen or where harmful dusts,
fogs, smokes, mists, fumes, gases, vapors, or
sprays are present, they need respirators. These
health hazards may cause cancer, lung
impairment, other diseases, or death.

Where toxic substances are present in the

workplace and engineering controls are
inadequate to reduce or eliminate them,
respirators are necessary. Some atmosphere-
supplying respirators can also be used to protect
against oxygen-deficient atmospheres. Increased
breathing rates, accelerated heartbeat, and FIGURE: WORKING WITHOUT RESPIRATORY MASK
impaired thinking or coordination occur more
quickly in an oxygen-deficient or other hazardous
atmosphere. Even a momentary loss of
coordination can be devastating if it occurs while
a worker is performing a potentially dangerous
activity such as climbing a ladder. (16.)
o VIOLATIONS OF
FORKLIFT
SAFETY RULES
ON
CONSTRUCTIO
N SITE …

FIGURE: FORELIFT SAFETY RULES

(17.)
o ACCIDENTS OF
VEHICLES USED
FOR
CONSTRUCTION
SITE …
Large construction equipment like
cranes, forklifts, dump trucks, road
graders and concrete mixtures, etc.
may become potential dangers on a
construction site. Due to their weight
and size, workers and drivers can be
seriously injured or killed in an
accidents. In some cases, drivers may
mot have competent driving skills or
their visibility may be limited due to
site constraints. FIGURE: ACCIDENTED TRUCK

(18.)
o UNSAFE LADDER
ON
CONSTRUCTION
SITE …
o Are ladder being used safely?
Ladders should only be used for very light work where
there is no danger of over reaching and the worker can
steady him or herself at all times. Ladders should only
be set up on firm flat surfaces. Single and extension
ladders should be fixed against movement or footed by
another person.

Make sure the ladder is high enough for the job so that
workers do not have to stand higher than 900 mm from
the top (for single and extension ladders) or the third
tread from the top plate of a step ladder. Domestic
grade ladders are not suitable for normal building work.

Metal or metal-reinforced ladders should not be used in

proximity to any live electrical equipment or power
lines.

Ladder bracket scaffolds are only suitable for very light

work such as signwriting and should never be set up at
heights greater than 2 metres.

Trestle ladder scaffolds should also not be used where a

person or object could fall more than 2 meters.
FIGURE: UNSAFE LADDER
(19.)
o ELECTRICAL
HAZARD ON
CONSTRUCTION
SITE …
Electric shock occurs when the body
becomes part of an electrical circuit.
Shocks can happen in three ways.
1. A person may come in contact
with both conductors in a circuit.
2. A person may provide a path
between an ungrounded
conductor and the ground.
3. A person may provide a path
between the ground and a
conducting material that is in FIGURE: HAZARD DUE TO ELECTRICAL PROBLEM
contact with an ungrounded
conductor.

(20.)
o MEDICAL The construction injuries described above can lead to medical conditions including:

CONDITIONS ON o Amputation of a finger, toe, or limb.

o Broken bones or fractures.
CONSTRUCTION o Burns for fires, explosions, or electrocutions.
SITE … o Cuts or lacerations from exposed nails, tools, machinery, etc.
o Death, in which case the construction worker's family should consider a wrongful
death claim to be compensated the loss of their loved one.
o Eye injuries or loss of vision from being impaled by objects, such as shrapnel from
grinding metal, can also lead to loss of vision, or dangerous chemicals or gases.
o Shoulder, knee, or ankle injures such as sprains or overuse damage.
o Loss of hearing from the loud noises on construction sites or failure to wear hearing
protection while using machinery like a jack hammer.
o Paralysis and other spinal cord injuries, especially from falls.
o Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) from the experience of a traumatic
accident, such as when fellow workers are also injured or killed.
o Toxic exposure to chemicals, such as from welding jobs.
o Head or traumatic brain injuries (TBI) often from falls or having objects dropped
on a construction worker on the job site. (21.)
PREVENTIONS OF ACCIDENTS ON
CONSTRUCTION SITE…
Accident prevention involves the identification and elimination of causes before an accident
occurs. Accident reaction is what most supervisors practice, that is, investigating the accident to
determine the causes and then implementing corrective actions to avoid reoccurrence. This helps
eliminate future accidents from a specific cause, but does nothing to address avoiding the
accident that just occurred.
Accidents can be prevented by taking care of some points,
o Provide safety training for all employees.
o Hold frequent crew safety meetings.
o Utilize protective clothing and gear.
o Keep the work space clean.
o Maintain equipment’s and tools.

(22.)
PREVENTIONS OF ACCIDENTS ON
CONSTRUCTION SITE…
o Prevent falls.
o Recognize the hazards and make plans.
o Be careful with the vehicles.
o Use equipment’s and tools in the manner prescribed.
o Follow each and every guideline and report any dangerous working conditions.

(23.)
o PROVIDE
SAFETY
TRAINING FOR
ALL
EMPLOYEES…
Employers should educate
employees on all workplace safety
standards and the hazards that they
may face while on the job. Workers
need to review the health and safety
policies for each job they are called
to do. The written safety policy
should include procedure and the
name and location of a trained first
aid responder. Employees should not FIGURE: SAFETY TRAINING
operate any equipment they are not
qualified or trained to use.

(24.)
o HOLD FREQUENT
CREW SAFETY
MEETINGS…
At some workplaces these meetings
should be held daily, for example, if
high-risk work is being done.
Employees should be reminded to
stay focused and relevant issues
should be addressed. Real-life factual
and job specific safety information
tends to be more motivating for
workers.

FIGURE: CREW MEMBERS MEETING FOR SAFETY

PURPOSE

(25.)
o UTILIZE
PROTECTIVE
CLOTHING AND
GEAR…
Workers should always wear the
recommended safety equipment for
their jobs. This may be a hard hat,
high-visibility clothing, goggles,
gloves, steel-toed shoes, or a
protective suit. In the summer,
outdoor workers need wide brim
hard hats, nape protectors, and long
sleeve-lightweight shirts to protect
them from the sun’s rays.
FIGURE: PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND GEARS

(26.)
o KEEP THE
WORKSPACE
CLEAN…
Keeping work areas clean and free
of debris will lessen the chances of
construction worker injuries and help
prevent worksite accidents such as
slips, trips, and falls. Employees
should store tools and materials when
finished with a job. Walkways should
be kept clear of debris to prevent
accidents that include slips and falls.

FIGURE: CLEAN ENVIRONEMT/WORKSPACE

(27.)
o MAINTAIN
EQUIPMENT’S
AND TOOLS…
Before using a piece of equipment or
machinery, workers must ensure it is
in proper working order. Tools and
machinery should be kept on a
regular inspection schedule. Workers
have been known to get trapped in or
under heavy equipment that was not
working properly. Broken parts and
malfunctioning gear can also cause
serious injuries and deaths.

FIGURE: EQUIPMENTS KEPT AT PLACE AFTER IN USE

(28.)
o PREVENT
FALLS…
Falls are the leading cause of
fatalities in the construction industry.
It is important that workers are
protected from falls on the job. The
installation of fall protection systems
can protect construction workers.
These systems should consist of such
items as guardrails, toe boards,
screens, canopy structures or
nets. Scaffolding can prevent falls,
but must be installed properly to
make sure it is constructed well
enough to hold the intended weight
load. After it is put up, scaffolding
must be inspected regularly.
FIGURE: PREVENTION OF FALL FROM A HEIGHT

(29.)
o RECOGNIZE THE
HAZARDS AND
MAKE PLAN…
Before any project starts, the site
should be inspected for any unusual
hazards. A risk assessment can
protect workers’ health and safety.
After completing the risk assessment,
a list of preventive measures should
be made and implemented. It is
important to ensure that all workers
receive appropriate information,
education, and training.

FIGURE: PREVENTION/CONTROL OF HAZARDS

(30.)
o BE CAREFUL
WITH
VEHICLES…
Many fatal accidents on work sites
involve vehicles. Defensive driving,
parking and backing should be
practiced.

FIGURE: EQUIPMENT ACCIDENT DUE TO

CARELESSNESS

(31.)
o USE EQUIPMENT
IN THE MANNER
PRESCRIBED…
If construction tools or equipment is
used in ways for which it is not
designed, the manufacturer’s built in
safety features can no longer be
relied on. Misusing equipment may
also damage the equipment and
cause employee injuries. The
equipment itself should meet OSHA
standards.
(OSHA stands for Occupational
Safety And Health Administration) FIGURE: EQUIPMENT GETTING USED IN MANNER

(32.)
o FOLLOW
GUIDELINES AND
REPORT ANY
DANGEROUS
WORKING
CONDITIONS…
Employers and employees who cut
corners on the procedures and rules
of OSHA increase the risks for
construction site injuries. Any
incidents or violations of OSHA
(Occupational Safety And Health
Administration) regulations should
be recorded and reported for the FIGURE: GUIDELINES FOR SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
safety of all involved.

(33.)
PROTECTIVE EQUIMENT REQUIREMENTS…
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS (01)
WHERE Eye
NEEDED Where machines or operations
  present a danger from flung
objects,, hazardous liquids, or
  injurious radiation.
TYPES OF Goggles, full face shields, safety
PROTECTION glasses, side-shields, welders’
  lenses (should meet standards).
FITTING Comfortable fit (not interfere with
REQUIREMENT movement).
SUGGESTED Date issued, reissued, type
RECORDS issued, instructions given
Head
Where there is danger from
impact and penetration from
falling or flying objects or from
limited electric shock.
Safety hats full brim, brimless,
limited voltage protection, no
voltage protection, (should meet
standards).
Comfortable, proper fit.
Date issued, type issued,
instructions given (need to wear,
maintenance, disciplinary action).
Foot/Toe
In areas where there is a
potential for foot or toe injuries.
Impact and compression
resistance, metatarsal protection,
puncture resistance, electrical
hazard resistance, conductive
Proper fit.
Date issued, amount reimbursed,
instructions given (need to wear,
maintenance, disciplinary action).

EXAMINATIONS Visual acuity, depth perception.    

NEEDED

(35.)
 PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS (02)

WHERE Hand Hearing Respiratory

NEEDED Danger of cuts, or from handling Noise exposure that equals or In areas that present a limited
corrosives, solvents, or other exceeds 85 dBA in an 8-hour time- breathable environment
  chemicals.  
weighted period.

TYPES OF Cotton/leather gloves; gauntlets; Full muffs, disposable plugs, Air-purifying respirators, chemical
PROTECTION heat-resistant gloves; barrier Swedish wool, non-disposable cartridge respirators, air-supplied
creams; chain mail gloves; haly- plugs. (Should meet standards). respirators, combination
  gloves; rubber gloves. (Should meet respirators, self contained
standards). breathing devices. (Should meet
  standards).
 
FITTING Proper fit. Proper fit, correct type for noise Significant fitting requirements.
REQUIREMENTS exposure.

SUGGESTED Date issued, reissued, type issued, Audiometric exam, date issued, Date issued, reissued, type
RECORDS instructions given, (need to wear, instructions given (need to wear, issued, instructions given
  maintenance, conservation, effects of noise, cleaning, (respiratory hazards present;
disciplinary action.) conservation, fitting, disciplinary functions; fit testing; proper
  action.) utilisation, cleaning and
  maintenance; conservation,
disciplinary action).
EXAMINATIONS   Audiometric Pulmonary function.
NEEDED (baseline and annual).

(36.)
CONCLUSION ON CAUSES AND PREVENTION
OF ACCIDENTS ON CONSTRUCTION SITE…
o From the result, it shown that most of the accidents happened is due to unsafe act and unsafe
condition which are human element, poor site management and failure to used PPE. Moreover,
management system and social pressures also indirectly cause accidents happen. Both of
them are categorized as secondary causes. There is several safety measure used in order to
reduce or minimize the rate of the accident happened. Personal protective equipment is most
commonly safety measure used to prevent injury from the accidents. Other safety measures
identified in this study are tool inspection, safety and health rules, regulations and policy,
housekeeping, first aid training, equipment and procedures, incident investigation, emergency
procedures, construction safety meeting, safety bulletin board and fire extinguishers.
o Safety measure is the method used to improve the safety performance at any workplace.
Effective safety measure can result in decreasing of rate of the accidents happen. This research
found that the frequencies of the accidents that present at most of the selected project are less
than 5 cases. In conclusion, the safety measure used in the site will directly affect the safety
performance in every single construction project.

(39.)
THANK-YOU…

(40.)