CARDIOVASCULA

R DISEASE
(HEART ATTACK AND STROKE)

PRESENTED BY:
NURUL HUSNA BINTI ISMAIL
NUR SYAFIQAH BINTI MOHD SABRI
 HEART ATTACK
(myocardial infarction)
 WHAT IS HEART ATTACK?
• A sudden and sometimes fatal occurrence of
coronary thrombosis, typically resulting in the
death of part of a heart muscle

• Coronary thrombosis : a blockage of the flow of

blood to the heart, caused by blood clot in
coronary artery.
 How heart attack can occur ?
• Heart attack happen when the flow of oxygen-
rich blood to a section of heart muscle
become blocked.
• Then, heart can’t get oxygen.
• If the blood does not flow quickly, the section
of heart begin to die.
• Heart attack most often occurs cause by
coronary heart disease (CHD) and also called
coronary artery disease.
 What is coronary artery disease?
• Coronary artery disease is a condition in which
a waxy substance called plaque builds up inside
the coronary arteries.
• These arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to your
heart.
• When plaque builds up in the arteries, the
condition is called atherosclerosis.
• Eventually, an area of plaque can
rupture (break open) inside of an artery.
• This causes a blood clot to form on the
plaque's surface.
• If the clot becomes large enough, it can
mostly or completely block blood flow
through a coronary artery.
Why great shock can lead to
heart attack ?
• Great shock can lead to heart attack
because when we shock, we will produce
more adrenaline.
• Increase of adrenaline may contribute to
the rupture of cholesterol plaque.
• Heart attack usually occur in the
morning, this is because higher blood
levels of adrenaline released from
adrenal glands during morning hours.
 Warning signal of heart attack
• Uncomfortable pressure, fullness,
squeezing or pain in the center of chest
lasting more than few minutes.
• Pain spread to the shoulder or arms.
• Chest discomfort with light headedness,
fainting, sweating, nausea or shortness of
breath.
• Anxiety, nervousness and sweaty skin
• Increased irregular heart rate.
Factor that can caused CHD
• Smoking
• Lack of physical activity
• Stress
• Alcohol
• Family history
• High blood pressure
• Obesity
 How to treat heart attack
1. Using ‘balloon’ Angioplasty
2. Using Bypass surgery – creates new pathways
of circulation around existing blockage

The blocked and

narrowed portion of
the artery is
“bypassed” with
this vessel, allow
the blood to flow to
heart muscle again.
3. Using implanted cardiac defibrillators (ICD) –
to monitor heart electrical activity.
 

ICD will respond

with irregular
life-threatening
heart rhythms
STROKE
 WHAT IS STROKE?

A stroke is a "brain attack". It can happen to

anyone at any time. It occurs when blood flow to
an area of brain is cut off. When this happens,
brain cells are deprived of oxygen and begin to
die. When brain cells die during a stroke,
abilities controlled by that area of the brain such
as memory and muscle control are lost.
 TYPES OF STROKE

STROKE

HEMORRHAGIC
STROKE ISCHEMIC STROKE
 CAUSES OF STROKE
CAUSES
Hemorrhagic stroke
A hemorrhagic stroke is either a
brain aneurysm burst or a
weakened blood vessel leak. Blood
spills into or around the brain and
creates swelling and pressure,
damaging cells and tissue in the
brain.
The ruptures can be caused by
conditions such as hypertension,
trauma, blood-thinning
medications and
aneurysm (weaknesses in blood
vessel walls).
Ischemic stroke
Ischemic stroke occurs when a blood
vessel carrying blood to the brain is
blocked by a blood clot. This causes
blood not to reach the brain.
These blockages are often caused by
blood clots, which can form either in
the arteries connecting to the brain, or
in other blood vessels before being
swept through the bloodstream and
into narrower arteries within the
brain. Clots can be caused by fatty
deposits within the arteries called
plaque.
MAIN SYMPTOMS OF STROKE

Signs and symptoms often appear soon after the

stroke has occurred.
• Confusion, including trouble with speaking and
understanding.
• Headache, possibly with altered consciousness
or vomiting.
• Numbness of the face, arm or leg, particularly
on one side of the body.
• Trouble with seeing, in one or both eyes.
 MAIN SYMPTOMS OF STROKE

• Trouble with walking, including dizziness and

lack of co-ordination.
• Bladder or bowel control problems
• Depression.
• Pain in the hands and feet that gets worse with
movement and temperature changes.
• Paralysis or weakness on one or both sides of
the body.
• Trouble controlling or expressing emotions.
 How to diagnose a stroke?
The acronym F.A.S.T. is a way to remember the
signs of stroke, and can help identify the onset of
stroke more quickly:
 F.A.S.T.
• Face drooping: if the person tries to smile does
one side of the face droop?
• Arm weakness: if the person tries to raise both
their arms does one arm drift downward?
• Speech difficulty: if the person tries to repeat a
simple phrase is their speech slurred or strange?
• Time to call 911: if any of these signs are
observed, contact the emergency services.
 TREATMENT FOR STROKE
HEMORRHAGIC STROKE
Treatment can begin with drugs
being given to reduce the pressure
in the brain, overall blood
pressure, prevent seizures and
prevent sudden constrictions of
blood vessels. If the patient is
taking anti-coagulant or anti-
platelet medication like Warfarin
or Clopidogrel, they can be given
drugs or blood transfusions to
counter the medication's effects.
ISCHEMIC STROKE
Treatment can begin with drugs
to break down clots and prevent
further ones from forming.
Aspirin can be given, as can an
injection of a tissue plasminogen
activator (TPA). TPA is very
effective at dissolving clots but
needs to be injected within 4.5
hours of stroke symptoms
manifesting themselves.
 PREVENTING A STROKE
The best way to prevent a stroke is to address the underlying
causes. This is best done by living healthily, which means:
• Eating a healthy diet (means getting plenty of fruits,
vegetables and healthy whole grains, eating little or no red or
processed meat, limiting intake of cholesterol and saturated
fat and minimizing salt intake)
• Maintaining a healthy weight
• Exercise regularly
• Not smoking
• Keeping blood pressure sleep apnea
• Avoiding alcohol or moderating consumption.
DIABETES MELLITUS
TYPE 2
 WHAT IS DIABETES?

• Diabetes is a metabolic disease where the body

produce not enough insulin or unable to
produce any insulin.
• Diabetes is a condition where the amount of
glucose in the blood is too high.
• Diabetes type 2 resulting from the combination
of resistance to insulin action, inadequate
insulin secretion, and excessive or
inappropriate glucagon secretion.
Insulin allows our cells to use glucose for energy. Insulin resistance
means, cells have trouble absorbing glucose, which causes a build
up of sugar in the blood. The circulating free fatty acids associated
with obesity also responsible for insulin resistance of the muscle
and liver.
SYMPTOMS
 SYMPTOMS

• Being very thirsty

• Urinating often
• Feeling very hungry
• Feeling very tired
• Loosing weight without trying
• Dry, itchy skin
• Feeling of pins and needles in your feet
• Loosing feeling in your feet
• Blurry eyesight
 CAUSES
• Type 2 diabetes is sometimes called a “life
style” disease as it more common in people who
don’t do enough exercise, have an unhealthy
diet and that are overweight or obese.
 CAUSES
LIFESTYLE
• The factors including obesity and being overweight, lack of
physical activity, poor diet and stress.
• Consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks in excess is
associated with an increased risk.
• The type of fats in the diet are also important,
with saturated fats and trans fatty acids increasing the risk,
and polyunsaturated and monosaturated fats decreasing the
risk.
• Eating lots of white rice appears to also play a role in
increasing risk.
 CAUSES

GENETICS
• Most cases of diabetes involve many genes,
with each being a small contributor to an
increased probability of becoming a type 2
diabetic.
• If one identical twins has diabetes, the chance
of the other developing diabetes within his
lifetime is greater than 90%.
 CAUSES
Medical Conditions
• There are a number of medications and other
health problems that can predispose to diabetes.
• Some of the medications
include: glucocorticoids,  beta blockers, atypical
antipsychotics, and statins.
• Those who have previously had gestational
diabetes are at a higher risk of developing type 2
diabetes.
• Testosterone deficiency is also associated with
type 2 diabetes.
 CAUSES
• Type 2 diabetes is also strongly linked with high blood
pressure, high cholesterol and an “apple” body
shape (where excess weight is carried around waist).
 TREATMENT
Treatment for type 2 diabetes can include:
• insulin tablets or injections
• maintaining a healthy lifestyle which includes a
healthy diet and regular exercise