THE INTERNET BASICS

Internet
 Internet is the largest computers network that connect millions
of computers all over the world.
 Today the world of the internet permits activities hardly
imaginable a dozen years ago.
 The term Pervasive computing is already an established fact,
with “everything connected to everything,” from cellphones to
cameras to car navigation systems.
 An example of pervasive computing is an Apple watch that alerts the
user to a phone call and allows the call to be completed through the
watch.
Internet: Brief History
 The basis for the internet began in 1969 as ARPANET (for ARPA,
the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the U.S. Department of
Defense), with four linked-together computers at different
universities and defense contractors.
 From there the network expanded to 62 computers in 1974, 500
computers in 1983, and 28,000 in 1987. However, it still remained
the domain of researchers and academics, and it was still all text -
no graphics, video, or sound.
 Not until the development of the World Wide Web in the early
1990s, which made multimedia available on the internet, and the
first browser (for locating web pages), which opened the web to
commercial uses, did the global network really take off.
How does one become a participant in Internet?

 To connect to the internet, you need three things:

1. An access device, such as a personal computer
with a modem;
2. A means of connection, such as a telephone line,
cable hookup, or wireless capability;
3. An internet access provider, such as an internet
service provider (ISP).
The World of Internet (Internet Services)
The World of Internet (Internet Services)
Connection to the Internet (Basic Terms)

 Bandwidth, or channel capacity, is an expression of how

much data - text, voice, video, and so on - can be sent through
a communications channel in a given amount of time.
 The type of data transmission that allows only one signal at a
time is called baseband transmission.
 When several signals can be transmitted at once, it’s called
broadband transmission.
 Broadband - very high speed - connections include various
kinds of high-speed wired connections (such as coaxial and
fiber-optic as well as DSL, cable, and satellite and other
wireless connections).
Data Transmission Speed
 Data is transmitted in characters or collections of bits.
 A bit is the smallest unit of information used by
computers. Today’s data transmission speeds are
measured in bits, kilobits, megabits, and gigabits per
second:
 bps: A computer with an older modem might have a
speed of 28,800 bps, which is considered the minimum
speed for visiting websites with graphics. The bps
stands for bits per second. (Eight bits equals one
character, such as A, 3, or #.)
Data Transmission Speed
 Kbps: This is the most frequently used measure;
kilobits per second, or Kbps, are 1 thousand bits
per second. The speed of a modem that is 28,800
bps might be expressed as 28.8 Kbps.
 Mbps: Faster means of connection are measured in
megabits per second, or Mbps -1 million bits per
second.
 Gbps: At the extreme are gigabits per second,
Gbps -1 billion bits per second.
Uploading & Downloading
 The number of bits affects how fast you can upload
and download information from a remote computer.
 Download is the transmission of data from a
remote computer to a local computer, as from a
website to your own PC.
 Upload is the transmission of data from a local
computer to a remote computer, as from your PC to
a website you are constructing.
How Does The Internet Work?
 What is the basic structure of the internet, and who controls it?
 The international network known as the internet consists of
hundreds of thousands of smaller networks linking educational,
commercial, nonprofit, and military organizations, as well as
individuals.
 Central to this arrangement is the client/server network.
 A client computer is a computer requesting data or services.
 A server, or host computer, is a central computer supplying data or
services requested of it.
 For example, when the client computer’s request for information on
various airline flights and prices—gets to a server computer, that
computer sends the information back to the client computer.
Internet Communication: Protocols, Packets &
Addresses

Protocols:
 How do computers understand the data being transmitted? The

key lies in data following the same protocol, or set of rules,

that computers must follow to transmit data electronically.
 The protocol that enables all computers to use data transmitted

on the internet is called Transmission Control

Protocol/Internet Protocol, or TCP/IP.
 TCP/IP is used for all internet transactions, from sending

email to downloading pictures off a friend’s website.

 TCP/IP determines how the sending device will indicate that it

has finished sending a message and how the receiving device

will indicate that it has received the message.
Internet Communication: Protocols, Packets &
Addresses

Packets:
 TCP/IP breaks the data in a message into separate packets,

fixed-length blocks of data for transmission.

 This allows a message to be split up and its parts sent by

separate routes yet still all wind up in the same place.

 IP is used to send the packets across the internet to their final

destination, and TCP is used to reassemble the packets in the

correct order.
 The packets do not have to follow the same network routes to

reach their destination because all the packets have the same
IP address
Internet Communication: Protocols, Packets &
Addresses

IP Addresses:
 An Internet Protocol (IP) address uniquely identifies every computer

and device connected to the internet.

 An IP address consists of four sets of numbers between 0 and 255

separated by decimals (called a dotted quad )—for example,

1.160.10.240.
 An IP address is similar to a street address, but street addresses rarely

change, whereas IP addresses often do. Each time you connect to

your internet access provider, it assigns your computer a new IP
address, called a dynamic IP address, for your online session. When
you request data from the internet, it is transmitted to your computer’s
IP address. When you disconnect, your provider frees up the IP
address you were using and reassigns it to another user.
Internet Addresses
 Internet Addresses are used to access different
computers on Internet. Each computer on Internet
has a unique address. This address is used to
establish a connection with that computer.
 There are two types of addressing schemes known
on the Internet:
1. IP Addressing
2. DNS Addressing
IP Addressing
 IP address is a sequence of numbers that uniquely
identifies each computer or device connected to the
Internet.
 The two types of IP addressing schemes are IPV4 and
IPV6.
 The address space for IPV4 is quickly running out of
space due to rapid growth of the internet.
 IPV6 was introduced to increase the number if IP
address of the Internet.
 IPV4 address consists of 4 bytes (32-bits) where as
IPV6 address consists of 16 bytes (128-bits).
DNS Addressing
 DNS stands for Domain Name System.
 IP address is difficult to remember for the users.
 All servers on the Internet also have human-readable names.
It is known as Domain Name.
 A domain name consists of text instead of numbers. It
corresponds to an IP address of a server that hosts a website.
The domain name is easier to remember than an IP address.
 For example, google.com
 A method used to store domain names and corresponding IP
addresses is called domain name system (DNS).
 When a user specifies a domain name, DNS server converts
it into corresponding IP address.
The World Wide Web (WWW)
The World Wide Web
 The internet and the World Wide Web are not the same.
 The internet is a massive network of networks,
connecting millions of computers via protocols,
hardware, and communications channels. It is the
infrastructure that supports not only the web but also
other communications systems such as email, instant
messaging, newsgroups, and other activities that we’ll
discuss.
 The part of the internet called the web is a multimedia-
based technology that enables you to access more than
just text. That is, you can also download art, audio, video,
and animation and engage in interactive games.
Browsers
 Browser is a software for surfing the web.
 A browser, or web browser, is software that enables you to
find and access the various parts of the web.
 For Example: Google chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft
Internet Explorer, Safari.
 These browsers allow you to surf the web.
 Surf means to explore the web by using your mouse to move
via a series of connected paths, or links, from one location, or
website, to another.
Websites
Websites:
 A website, or simply site, is a location on a particular

computer on the web that has a unique address (called

a URL).
 Before your browser can connect with a website, it

needs to know the site’s address, the URL.

 The URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is a string of

characters that points to a specific piece of information

anywhere on the web. The URL is the website’s unique
address.
Web Pages
 A website is composed of a web page or collection
of related web pages.
 A web page is a document on the World Wide Web
that can include text, pictures, sound, and video.
The first page you see at a website is like the title
page of a book. This is the home page, or welcome
page, which identifies the website and contains
links to other pages at the site.
URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
 How does the browser find things?
 The URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is a string of
characters that points to a specific piece of information
anywhere on the web. The URL is the website’s unique
address.
 A URL consists of:
1. The web protocol
2. The domain name or web server name
3. The directory (or folder) on that server
4. The file within that directory (perhaps with an extension
such as html or htm).
 URL Example

http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/ministries_divisions.html
Protocol Domain Name File name and Extension

https://www.coursera.org/learn/cs-programming-java.html
Directory
Protocol Domain Name Name File name and Extension
URL
Protocol:
 A protocol is a set of communication rules for

exchanging information. The web protocol, HTTP, was

developed by Tim Berners-Lee, and it appears at the
beginning of some web addresses (as in
http://www.mcgraw-hill.com ).
 It stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) , the

communications rules that allow browsers to connect

with web servers.
 Most browsers assume that all web addresses begin

with http://, and so you don’t need to type this part; just
start with whatever follows, such as www.
URL
Domain name:
 Domain is simply a location on the internet, the particular web
server.
 Domain names tell the location and the type of address. Domain-
name components are separated by periods (called “dots”). The
last part of the domain, called the top-level domain, is a three-
letter extension that describes the domain type: .gov, .com,
.net, .edu, .org, .mil, .int - government, commercial, network,
educational, nonprofit, military, or international organization.
 In our example, the www stands for “World Wide Web”;
.pakistan is domain name and .gov.pk is the top-level domain
name indicating that this is a government website.
URL
 Some top-level domain names also include a two-
letter code extension for the country - for
example, .us for United States, .ca for Canada, .mx
for Mexico, .uk for United Kingdom, .jp for
Japan, .in for India, .cn for China.
Directory name:
 The directory name is the name on the server for

the directory, or folder, from which your browser

needs to pull the file.
URL
File name and extension:
 The file is the particular page or document that you

are seeking. Here it is ministries_division.html,

because you have gone to the Ministries page for
Government of Pakistan Website. The .html is an
extension to the file name, and this extension
informs the browser that the file is an HTML file.
Assignment
 Five Advantages and Disadvantages of Internet