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Electric Circuits: Reference: Slides From Alexander-Sadiku Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
Electric Circuits: Reference: Slides From Alexander-Sadiku Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
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CHAPTER 1: Basic Concepts &
Laws
Reading: Chapter 1 and 2
Textbook: Fundamental of Electric
Circuits Textbook
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Basic Concepts - Chapter 1
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1.1 System of Units (1)
Six basic units
Quantity Basic unit Symbol
Length meter m
Mass kilogram Kg
Time second s
Electric current ampere A
Thermodynamic kelvin K
temperature
Luminous intensity candela cd
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1.1 System of Units (2)
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1.3 Current (1)
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1.3 Current (2)
The direction of current flow
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1.3 Current (3)
Example 1
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1.3 Current (4)
Solution
300 C/min
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1.87 x10 21
electrons/min
1.602 x10 C/electron
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1.4 Voltage (1)
Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to
move a unit charge through an element, measured in
volts (V).
Mathematically, (volt)
vab dw / dq
w is energy in joules (J) and q is charge in coulomb (C).
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1.5 Power and Energy (1)
Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy,
measured in watts (W).
dw dw dq
Mathematical expression: p vi
dt dq dt
i i
+ +
v v
– –
p0
• Energy is the capacity to do work, measured
in joules (J).
t t
• Mathematical expression w pdt vidt
t0 t0
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1.6 Circuit Elements (1)
Active Elements Passive Elements
u1 u1 u2 i1 ri1 u2
u 2 αu 1 u 2 ri1
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Dependent sources
i2 i2
u1 gu1 i1 β i1(A)
i 2 gu1 i 2 βi1
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1.6 Circuit Elements (2)
Example 2
Obtain the voltage v in the branch shown in Figure 2.1.1P for i2 = 1A.
Figure 2.1.1P
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1.6 Circuit Elements (3)
Solution
Therefore, v = 10 + vx = 10 + 15(1) = 25 V
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Basic Laws
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2.1 Ohms Law (1)
Ohm’s law states that the voltage across a
resistor is directly proportional to the current I
flowing through the resistor.
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v
p vi i 2 R
R
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2.2 Nodes, Branches and Loops (1)
A branch represents a single element such as a voltage
source or a resistor.
A node is the point of connection between two or more
branches.
A loop is any closed path in a circuit.
Original circuit
Equivalent circuit
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2.2 Nodes, Branches and Loops (3)
Example 2 Should we consider it as one
branch or two branches?
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2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws (1)
Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic
sum of currents entering a node (or a closed
boundary) is zero.
N
Mathematically, i
n 1
n 0
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2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws (2)
Example 4
I + 4-(-3)-2 = 0
I = -5A
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2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws (3)
Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic
sum of all voltages around a closed path (or loop) is
zero.
M
Mathematically, v
m 1
n 0
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2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws (3)
2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws (4)
Example 5
va-v1-vb-v2-v3 = 0
va vb
I
R1 R2 R3
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2.4 Series Resistors and Voltage Division (1)
Series: Two or more elements are in series if they are
cascaded or connected sequentially and
consequently carry the same current.
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2.4 Series Resistors and Voltage
Division (1)
Example 3
10V and 5
are in series
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2.5 Parallel Resistors and Current Division (1)
Parallel: Two or more elements are in parallel if they are
connected to the same two nodes and consequently have
the same voltage across them.
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2.5 Parallel Resistors and Current
Division (1)
Example 4
2, 3 and 2A
are in parallel
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Star-delta Transformation : Y
R 1.R 2
R a R1 R 2 R1
R3 Rc Ra
R .R R3 R2
Rb R3 R2 3 2 Rb
R1
R 1.R 3
R c R1 R 3 If R1 = R2 = R3 = RY
R2
R = R = R = R
a b c
R = 3 R
Y
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delta-star Transformation : Y
R1
Rc Ra
R3 R2
Rb
R c .R a
R1 If Ra = Rb = Rc = R
Ra Rb R c
R1 = R 2 = R 3 = R Y
R a .R b
R2 R = R /3
Ra Rb R c Y
R c .R b
R3
Ra Rb R c 45
Wye-Delta Transformations
Rb Rc R1 R2 R2 R3 R3 R1
R1 Ra
( Ra Rb Rc ) R1
Rc R a R1 R2 R2 R3 R3 R1
R2 Rb
( Ra Rb Rc ) R2
R a Rb R1 R2 R2 R3 R3 R1
R3 Rc
( Ra Rb Rc ) R3
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Star -> Delta
R1 R2 R2 R3 R3 R1
Ra
R1
R1 R2 R2 R3 R3 R1
Rb
R2
R1 R2 R2 R3 R3 R1
Rc
R3
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Quiz: 20 minutes
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Quiz: 30 minutes
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