INTRODUCTION TO SOLIDS

A.C.ARUN RAJ
 INTRODUCTION

• A solid is a 3-D object having length, breadth and

thickness and bounded by surfaces which may be either
plane or curved, or combination of the two.
• To represent a solid on a flat surface having only length
and breadth, at least two orthographic views are
necessary. F
• For some complicated solids, in addition to the above
principle views, side view and Sectional view is also
required.
 Types of Solids

Solids may be divided into two main groups:

i. Polyhedron

ii. Solids of revolution.

 POLYHEDRONS

CUBE PRISM PYRAMID

 SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION

SPHERE CYLINDER CONE

 POLYHEDRONS

A Polyhedron is defined as a solid bounded by

planes called faces which meet in straight lines
called edges.

They are :

(i) Regular Polyhedron

(ii) Prisms

(iii) Pyramids.
 Regular Polyhedron
•A regular polyhedron is  solid bounded only by plane
surfaces (faces). Its faces are formed by regular polygons
of same size and all dihedral angles are equal to one
another.
•The following are some of the regular polyhedron.

(a) Tetrahedron: It consists of four equal

faces, each one being a equilateral triangle.

(b) Hexahedron(cube): It consists of six

equal faces, each a square.
c. Octahedron : It has eight equal equilateral
triangles as faces.

d. Dodecahedron : It has twelve equal and regular

pentagons as faces.

e. Icosahedron : It has twenty equal equilateral

triangles as faces.
 Prisms
•Prisms are  polyhedron formed by two equal parallel regular
polygon, end faces connected by side faces which are either
rectangles or parallelograms..
•The imaginary line joining the centres of the bases is called
the axis.
•A right and regular prism has its axis perpendicular to the
bases. All its faces are equal rectangles.
 SOLIDS
Dimensional parameters of different solids.

Square Prism Square Pyramid Cylinder Cone

Apex Apex
Top
Rectangular Slant
Face Edge Triangular
Longer Base Face Base Base
Base
Edge

Corner of Edge Edge Corner of

Generators
base of of base
Imaginary lines
Base Base
generating curved surface
of cylinder & cone.

Sections of solids( top & base not parallel) Frustum of cone & pyramids.
( top & base parallel to each other)
 STANDING ON H.P RESTING ON H.P LYING ON H.P
On it’s base. On one point of base circle. On one generator.
(Axis perpendicular to Hp (Axis inclined to Hp (Axis inclined to Hp
And // to Vp.) And // to Vp) And // to Vp)

F.V. F.V. F.V.

X Y
While observing Fv, x-y line represents Horizontal Plane. (Hp)

X While observing Tv, x-y line represents Vertical Plane. (Vp) Y

T.V. T.V. T.V.

STANDING ON V.P RESTING ON V.P LYING ON V.P

On it’s base. On one point of base circle. On one generator.
Axis perpendicular to Vp Axis inclined to Vp Axis inclined to Vp
And // to Hp And // to Hp And // to Hp
Q Draw the projections of a pentagonal prism , base 25 mm side and axis 50 mm long,
resting on one of its rectangular faces on the H.P. with the axis inclined at 45º to the V.P.
As the axis is to be inclined with the VP, in the first view it must be kept perpendicular to the
VP i.e. true shape of the base will be drawn in the FV with one side on XY line

b’ 2’
b1 ’ 21 ’

a’ 1’ c’ 3’ a1 ’ 31’
c1 ’ 11’

X e’ 5’ d’ 4’ e1’ d1’ 41’ Y

45º 51’
25 c
d
d
a e b c b
e
a
3
50

4
2
5
1
1 5 2 4 3
THANK YOU