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PLANTS AND

ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTORS
THE PLANT

1. Photosynthesis
2. Carbon Partitioning
3. Transpiration
1. Photosynthesis

“Plants convert solar energy into chemical energy


stored in the chemical bonds of sugar molecules”

this process is IMPORTANT for


plant growth and survival
Remember what plants need…

 Photosynthesis
 light reactions
 light
 HO
 sun
2
 ground
 Calvin cycle
 CO 2
 air
• Fotosintesis

• Proses dimana organisme


yang memiliki kloroplas
mengubah energi cahaya
matahari menjadi energi
kimia

• Melibatkan 2 lintasan
metabolik

• Reaksi terang: mengubah


energi matahari menjadi
energi seluler

• Siklus Calvin: reduksi CO2


menjadi CH2O
Simple equation :

6CO2 + 12H20 + light energy


C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
Light energy

ECOSYSTEM

Photosynthesis
in chloroplasts
Organic
CO2 + H2O + O2
molecules
Cellular respiration
in mitochondria

Energi mengalir ke
dalam suatu
ATP ekosistem sebagai
powers most cellular work cahaya matahari dan
Heat meninggalkannya
dalam bentuk panas
energy
Types of Photosynthesis
• C3 photosynthesis
– Most plants

• C4 photosynthesis
– A variety of plants, especially our summer
annuals and many of our grasses

• CAM photosynthesis
– Cacti, agaves, bromeliads, and others
C3 plants
 The first stable compound formed in dark
reactions (Calvin cycle) is 3-carbon compound
 A problem with C3, photosynthesis is always
accompanied by photorespiration which
consumes and releases CO2 in the presence of
light
 it wastes carbon fixed by photosynthesis - up to
50% of carbon fixed in photosynthesis may be
used in photorespiration
C3
 lebih adaptif pada kondisi kandungan CO2 atmosfer
tinggi
 Fotorespirasi
 karbon dioxida masuk ke siklus calvin secara
langsung
 Disebut tumbuhan C3 karena senyawa awal yang
terbentuk berkarbon 3 (fosfogliserat)
 Sebagian besar tumbuhan tinggi masuk ke dalam
kelompok tumbuhan C3
 Apabila stomata menutup akibat stress terjadi
peningkatan fotorespirasipengikatan O2 oleh enzim
Rubisco
C3
 Tanaman c3 biasanya adalah tanaman yang
umumnya berada di wilayah dingin, bisa
berfotosintesis lebih baik dari tanaman c4 di
bawah 25 derajat celcius. Pada tanaman c3,
fiksasi CO2 terjadi secara langsung oleh siklus
Calvin. Contohnya adalah gandum, beras.
C4 plants
A better way to capture CO2
• 1st step before Calvin cycle,
fix carbon with enzyme
PEP carboxylase
 store as 4C compound
• adaptation to hot, dry climates
 have to close stomates a lot
 different leaf anatomy
• sugar cane, corn,
other grasses…
sugar cane

corn
 Photorespiration is nearly absent in C4 plants - so
greatly increases their efficiency - this is because a
high CO2: low O2 concentration limits
photorespiration
 Thus net photosynthetic rates are higher for C4
plants (corn, sorghum, sugarcane) than in C3
relatives (wheat, rice, rye, oats)
C4
 adaptif di daerah panas dan kering
 CO2 diikat oleh PEP yang
 tidak dapat mengikat O2 sehingga tidak terjadi
kompetisi antara CO2 dan O2
 tidak mengikat karbon dioksida secara langsung
 Sel seludang pembuluh berkembang dengan baik dan
banyak mengandung kloroplas
 Fotosintesis terjadi di dalam sel mesofil dan sel
seludang pembuluh
 Pengikatan CO2di udara melalui lintasan C4 di sel
mesofil dan reduksi karbon melalui siklus Calvin
(siklus C3) di dalam sel seludang pembuluh
C4
 Tanaman c4 hampir sama semua cara kerjanya
dengan tanaman c3, tetapi tanaman c4 perlu
membentuk molekul c4 dahulu sebelum bisa
memfiksasi CO2. Contoh : jagung, tebu.
CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) plants
 separate carbon fixation from Calvin cycle by time
 close stomates during day
 open stomates during night
 at night, open stomates & fix
carbon in “storage” compounds
 organic acids: malic acid, isocitric acid
 in day, close stomates & release CO2 from “storage”
compounds to Calvin cycle
 increases concentration of CO2 in cells
 succulents, pineapple, cactuses, agaves,
bromeliads
CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism)
 adaptif di daerah panas dan kering
 Pada malam hari asam malat tinggi, pada siang hari
malat rendah Lintasan
 tidak mengikat karbon dioksida secara langsung
 Umumnya tumbuhan yang beradaptasi pada keadaan
kering seperti kaktus, anggrek dan nenas
 Reduksi karbon melalui lintasan C4 dan C3 dalam sel
mesofil tetapi waktunya berbeda
 Pada malam hari terjadi lintasan C4 pada siang hari
terjadi suklus C3
CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism)

CAM (Crassulacean-Acid-Metabolism)
dilakukan oleh tanaman sukulen, biasanya
hidup di tempat yang kering. Bedanya dengan
tanaman c4 mereka membuka stomata mereka
pada malam hari. Contoh : paku-pakuan,
kaktus, teratai, dsb.
CAM plants
2. Carbon Partitioning

how plant distributes the carbon compounds


derived from photosynthesis and allocates them
to different physiological processes and plant
parts
THE PLANT
Transpiration
3. Transpiration

the continual flow of water from the soil, into


the roots, up the stem to the leaves, and out of the
leaves through the stomata

Water moving between soil and plants flows


down a water potential gradient
Water movement between
plants and soils
T
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The Plant in its Interaction with The
Environment

 A Plant’s Place in the Environment


- Each species occupies a particular
place in the ecosystem, known as the
habitat
- within its habitat, the species carries out
a particular ecological role or function,
known as the ecological niche of that
species
The Plant in its Interaction with The
Environment
 Responses to Factors of the Environment
Setiap fase perkembangan tanaman melibatkan respon
perubahan secara fisiologis. Sebagian besar respon
tanaman berkaitan langsung dengan kondisi
lingkungan

- Triggered Responses
- Dependent Responses
- Independent Responses
Defoliasi dengan Bahan Kimia sekaligus memacu
Pembungaan
TPT 2013 - ornamental
30
GROWTH STAGE OF MAIZE

5-9 DAS 12-55 DAS 55-59 DAS 71-112 DAS


(SEEDLING)
VEGETATIVE GROWTH FLOWERING and GRAIN FILLING and
FERTILIZATION MATURITY

GENERATIVE GROWTH
Kling, J.G, and Gregory, E. 1997. Morphology and
Growth of maize.
 Triggered Responses
respon tanaman yang dipacu oleh adanya eksternal stimulus
tertentu
 Dependent Responses
respon tanaman yang tergantung pada keberadaan kondisi
lingkungan eksternal tertentu secara terus menerus
 Independent Responses
respon tanaman yang ditentukan oleh kondisi fisiologis
tanaman; mis: tanaman jagung akan berbunga karena fase tertentu dari
pertumbuhan dan perkembangan sudah tercapai.
The Plant in its Interaction with The
Environment

 Limits and Tolerances


Each environmental factor has both minimum
and maximum levels, tolerance limits, beyond
which a particular species cannot survive

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