Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow

Part III
Viscous Flow
 Equations of Motion
The resultant force acting on a fluid element must equal the mass times the
acceleration of the element

Equations of motion

 xx  yx  zx  u u u u 
 gx      u v w 
x y z  t x y z 
 xy  yy  zy  v v v v 
gy      u v  w 
x y z  t x y z 
 xz  yz  zz  w w w w 
 gz      u v w 
x y z  t x y z 

These are the general differential equations of motion for a fluid. They apply for any
continuum (solid of fluid) in motion or at rest

There are more unknowns than equations. Some additional information of stresses must be
obtained
 Viscous Flow
Stress-Deformation relationships
For incompressible Newtonian fluids, stresses are linearly related to the
rate of deformation

 u v 
u  xy   yx     
 xx   p  2   y x 
x
v  v w 
 yy   p  2  yz   zy     
y  z y 
w  w u 
 zz   p  2  zx   xz     
z  x z 

cylindrical polar coordinates

 Viscous Flow
Navier-Stokes Equations

 u u u u  p   2u  2 u  2u 
   u  v  w      gx    2  2  2 
 t x y z  x  x y z 
 v v v v  p   2v  2 v  2 v 
   u  v  w     gy    2  2  2 
 t x y z  y  x y z 
 w w w w  p  2w 2w 2w 
 u v w      gz    2  2  2 
 t x y z  z  x y z 

The Navier-Stokes equations are the basic differential equations describing the
flow of incompressible Newtonian fluids

cylindrical polar coordinates

Steady Laminar Flow Between Fixed Parallel Plates
Re  1400
Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

 u u u u  p   2u  2 u  2u 
   u  v  w      gx    2  2  2 
 t x y z  x  x y z 
 v v v v  p   2v  2 v  2 v 
   u  v  w     gy    2  2  2 
 t x y z  y  x y z 
 w w w w  p  2w 2w 2w 
 u v w      gz    2  2  2 
 t x y z  z  x y z 

Reduced equations
Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

 u u u u  p   2u  2 u  2u 
   u  v  w      gx    2  2  2 
 t x y z  x  x y z 
 v v v v  p   2v  2 v  2 v 
   u  v  w     gy    2  2  2 
 t x y z  y  x y z 
 w w w w  p  2w 2w 2w 
 u v w      gz    2  2  2 
 t x y z  z  x y z 

p   2u 
Reduced equations 0   2 
x  y 
p
0  g
y
p
0
z
Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

Pressure variation
Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

Pressure varies hydrostatically in y direction p    gy  f1  x 

Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

Pressure varies hydrostatically in y direction p    gy  f1  x 

Velocity
Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

Pressure varies hydrostatically in y direction p    gy  f1  x 

1  p  2
u   y  h 
2
Velocity profile is parabolic 2   x 
Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

Pressure varies hydrostatically in y direction p    gy  f1  x 

1  p  2
u   y  h 
2
Velocity profile is parabolic 2   x 

Volume flow rate

Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

Pressure varies hydrostatically in y direction p    gy  f1  x 

1  p  2
u   y  h 
2
Velocity profile is parabolic 2   x 

2h3  p 
Volume flow rate q  
3  x 
(per unit width in z direction)
Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

Pressure varies hydrostatically in y direction p    gy  f1  x 

1  p  2
u   y  h 
2
Velocity profile is parabolic 2   x 

2h3  p 
Volume flow rate q  
3  x 
(per unit width in z direction)

p  p 
With p – pressure drop,   
l  x 
Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

Pressure varies hydrostatically in y direction p    gy  f1  x 

1  p  2
u   y  h 
2
Velocity profile is parabolic 2   x 

2h3  p 
Volume flow rate q  
3  x 
(per unit width in z direction)

p  p 
With p – pressure drop,   
l  x 
2 h 3 p
q
volume flow rate 3 l
Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

q
Mean velocity V 
2h
Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

q h 2 p
Mean velocity V 
2h 3l
Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

q h 2 p
Mean velocity V 
2h 3l

Maximum velocity (y = 0)
Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

q h 2 p
Mean velocity V 
2h 3l

h 2  p  3
Maximum velocity (y = 0) umax    V
2   x  2
Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

q h 2 p
Mean velocity V 
2h 3l

h 2  p  3
Maximum velocity (y = 0) umax    V
2   x  2

 p 
Pressure variation with f1  x     x  p0
 x 
Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

q h 2 p
Mean velocity V 
2h 3l

h 2  p  3
Maximum velocity (y = 0) umax    V
2   x  2

 p 
Pressure variation p    gy    x  p0
 x 
Couette Flow
 Couette Flow
y 1  p  2 u y b2  p  y  y 
u U     y  by  or in dimensionless form     1  
b 2  x  U b 2U  x  b  b 

b 2  p 
P  
2 U  x 
 Couette Flow

Simplest type of Couette flow is that with zero pressure gradient

y
u U
b
Flow in the Narrow Gap of a Journal Bearing

If r0  ri ri

then U  ri , b  r0  ri

ri
and  
r0  ri
Example
Example

 u u u u  p   2u  2u 2u 
   u  v  w      gx    2  2  2 
 t x y z  x  x y z 
 v v v v  p  2v 2v 2v 
   u  v  w      gy    2  2  2 
 t x y z  y  x y z 
 w w w w  p   2 w  2 w 2 w 
 u v w      gz    2  2  2 
 t x y z  z  x y z 
Example

 u u u u  p   2u  2u 2u 
   u  v  w      gx    2  2  2 
 t x y z  x  x y z 
 v v v v  p  2v 2v 2v 
   u  v  w      gy    2  2  2 
 t x y z  y  x y z 
 w w w w  p   2 w  2 w 2 w 
 u v w      gz    2  2  2 
 t x y z  z  x y z 

 2 h
v x  x  V0
2 
h  h3
q   vdx  V0 h 
0 3
 h2
V  V0 
3
Steady Laminar
Flow in Circular
Tubes
(Poiseuille Flow)
Re  2100
 Steady Laminar
Flow in Circular
Tubes
(Poiseuille Flow)
Re  2100

 vr vr v vr v2 vr  p  1   vr  vr 1  2 vr 2 v  2 vr 

  vr    vz      gr    r  2  2  2  2
  t  r r  r  z  r  r r  r  r r  2
r  z 
 v v v v vr v v  1 p  1   v  v 1  2 v 2 vr  2 v 
  vr    vz    g    r  2  2  2  2 
 t r r   r z  r    r r  r  r r  2
r  z 
 vz vz v vz vz  p  1   vz  1  2 vz  2v z 
  vr   vz     gz    r  2  2
 t r r  z  z  r r  r  r  2
z 
 Steady Laminar
Flow in Circular
Tubes
(Poiseuille Flow)

 vr vr v vr v2 vr  p  1   vr  vr 1  2 vr 2 v  2 vr 

  vr    vz      gr    r  2  2  2  2
  t  r r  r  z  r  r r  r  r r  2
r  z 
 v v v v vr v v  1 p  1   v  v 1  2 v 2 vr  2 v 
  vr    vz    g    r  2  2  2  2 
 t r r  r z  r   r r  r  r r  2
r  z 
 vz vz v vz vz  p  1   vz  1  2 vz  2v z 
  vr   vz     gz    r  2  2
 t r r  z  z  r r  r  r 
2
z 

p
Reduced equations 0    g sin  
r
1 p
0    g cos  
r 
p  1   vz  
0  r 
z  r r  r  
Steady Laminar
Flow in Circular
Tubes
(Poiseuille Flow)

Pressure variation
Steady Laminar
Flow in Circular
Tubes
(Poiseuille Flow)

Pressure is hydrostatically distributed at any particular cross section

p    g  r sin    f1  z  or p    gy  f1  z 

Velocity distribution
Steady Laminar
Flow in Circular
Tubes
(Poiseuille Flow)

Pressure is hydrostatically distributed at any particular cross section

p    g  r sin    f1  z  or p    gy  f1  z 

1  p  2
vz    r  R 
2
Velocity distribution is parabolic 4   z 

Volume flow rate

Steady Laminar
Flow in Circular
Tubes
(Poiseuille Flow)

Pressure is hydrostatically distributed at any particular cross section

p    g  r sin    f1  z  or p    gy  f1  z 

1  p  2
vz    r  R 
2
Velocity distribution is parabolic 4   z 

 R 4  p   R 4 p
Volume flow rate Q   or Q
8  z  8 l

Mean velocity
Steady Laminar
Flow in Circular
Tubes
(Poiseuille Flow)

Pressure is hydrostatically distributed at any particular cross section

p    g  r sin    f1  z  or p    gy  f1  z 

1  p  2
vz    r  R 
2
Velocity distribution is parabolic 4   z 

 R 4  p   R 4 p
Volume flow rate Q   or Q
8  z  8 l

Q R 2 p R 2  p  R 2 p
Mean velocity V  Maximum velocity vmax     2V
 R2 8 l 4  z  4 l
 Steady, Axial,
Laminar Flow in
an Annulus

p
Governing equations 0    g sin  
r
1 p
0    g cos  
r 
p  1   vz  
0  r 
z  r r  r  
 Steady, Axial,
Laminar Flow in
an Annulus

1  p   2 2 ri 2  r02 r
Velocity distribution vz     r  r0  ln 
4   z   ln  r0 ri  r0 
 Steady, Axial,
Laminar Flow in
an Annulus

1  p   2 2 ri 2  r02 r
Velocity distribution vz     r  r0  ln 
4   z   ln  r0 ri  r0 

  p   4 4  0 i  
r0
 r 2
 r 2
2

Volume flow rate Q   vz  2 r  dr      r0  ri 
ri 8  z  ln  r0 ri  
 
 Steady, Axial,
Laminar Flow in
an Annulus

1  p   2 2 ri 2  r02 r
Velocity distribution vz     r  r0  ln 
4   z   ln  r0 ri  r0 

  p   4 4  0 i  
r0
 r 2
 r 2
2

Volume flow rate Q   vz  2 r  dr      r0  ri 
ri 8  z  ln  r0 ri  
 
p  4 4  r0  ri  
 2 2
2

in terms of the pressure drop Q  r0  ri 
8 l  ln  r0 ri  
 
 Steady, Axial,
Laminar Flow in
an Annulus

1  p   2 2 ri 2  r02 r
Velocity distribution vz     r  r0  ln 
4   z   ln  r0 ri  r0 

  p   4 4  0 i  
r0
 r 2
 r 2
2

Volume flow rate Q   vz  2 r  dr      r0  ri 
ri 8  z  ln  r0 ri  
 
p  4 4  r0  ri  
 2 2
2

in terms of the pressure drop Q  r0  ri 
8 l  ln  r0 ri  
 12

 r02  ri 2 
Maximum velocity rm   
 2 ln  r0 ri  
 Steady, Axial,
Laminar Flow in
an Annulus

1  p   2 2 ri 2  r02 r
Velocity distribution vz     r  r0  ln 
4   z   ln  r0 ri  r0 

  p   4 4  0 i  
r0
 r 2
 r 2
2

Volume flow rate Q   vz  2 r  dr      r0  ri 
ri 8  z  ln  r0 ri  
 
p  4 4  r0  ri  
 2 2
2

in terms of the pressure drop Q  r0  ri 
8 l  ln  r0 ri  
 
12
 r02  ri 2  vz
Maximum velocity occurs at rm    where 0
 2 ln  r0 ri   r

4  cross-sectional area 4  r0  ri 
2 2

Hydraulic diameter Dh    2  r0  ri 
wetted perimeter 2  r0  ri 
End of viscous flow
lectures 
    v  1 vr 
v  r    r    r     
 rr   p  2  r  r  r  r  
r
 1 v vr   v 1 vz 
    p  2      z   z      
 r  r   z r  
v  v v 
 zz   p  2 z  zr   rz    r  z 
z  z r 

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 Navier-Stokes Equations
Cylindrical Polar Coordinates

 vr vr v vr v2 vr  p  1   vr  vr 1  2 vr 2 v  2 vr 

  vr    vz      gr    r  2  2  2  2
  t  r r  r  z  r  r r  r  r r  2
r  z 
 v v v v vr v v  1 p  1   v  v 1  2 v 2 vr  2 v 
  vr    vz    g    r  2  2  2  2 
 t r r  r z  r   r r  r  r r  2
r  z 
 vz vz v vz vz  p  1   vz  1  2 vz  2v z 
  vr   vz     gz    r  2  2
 t r r  z  z  r r  r  r 
2
z 

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 Quiz #2
Simplify the Navier-Stokes equations in the x, y and z directions for
laminar, steady flow between two fixed parallel plates
The Navier-Stokes equation in the x-direction is given by:

 u u u u  p   2u  2u  2u 
   u v  w     g x      
 t x y z  x  x 2
y 2
z 
2
