1.13 Cardiovascular+System

The Cardiovascular System
• Foundation Standard 1: Academic Foundation

Understand human anatomy, physiology, common diseases and
disorders, and medical math principles.
1.13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems
• Components Of Blood
• Structures And Functions Of Blood Components
• Structures And Functions Of The Cardiovascular System
• Conduction System Of The Heart
• Cardiac Cycle
1.21 Describe common diseases and disorders of each body system
• Etiology
• Pathology
• Diagnosis
• Treatment
• Prevention
2
Function- Transportation
• Supplies 02/ Removes CO2
• Supplies nutrients
• Removes wastes
• Distributes hormones
• Distributes antibodies
• Regulate body temperature & electrolyte
balance
1.13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (cardiovascular).
d. Cardiovascular (functions of the cardiovascular system) 3
Components
• Blood
• Blood Vessels
• Arteries
• Capillaries
• Veins
• Heart
d. Cardiovascular (structures of the cardiovascular system) 4
Lesson 1– Blood
Blood is vital to life.
About 4-6 liters of blood

circulates through the average
body.(accounting for about 8%
of body weight)
Two parts of blood:

▫ Formed elements-the solid parts
▫ Plasma- the liquid part
Blood
• Liquid tissue
• Liquid- Plasma 55%
• H2O (90%) and proteins
• Cells 45%
• Red Blood Cells
• White Blood Cells
• Platelets
d. Cardiovascular (components of blood,)c 6
Blood Components
Total
Blood
Volume
6 qt.= 12 pt.
d. Cardiovascular (components of blood, structures)
7
Lesson 1– Plasma
 Plasma-a pale yellow liquid

that’s left when formed elements
are removed from blood.
 Whole blood is 55% plasma.
◦ 90% water
◦ 10% proteins
It also has proteins that fight
infection & aid in the clotting
process.
 Serum-plasma w/out the clotting

proteins.
◦ Used to research & identify antibodies
Lesson 1– Blood Cells
 Red blood cells

◦ AKA- Erythrocytes
 White blood cells

◦ AKA- Leukocytes
 Platelets
◦ AKA- Thrombocytes
Blood
•White blood cells (WBC)
- Fight infections
•Red blood cells (RBC)
- Contain hemoglobin
Normal
- Carry 02
•Platelets
- Also called thrombocytes
- Aid in blood clotting
d. Cardiovascular (components of blood, structures and functions of blood components)c 10
Platelets
 may form a plug to

 the smallest blood cells seal small vessels by
themselves or they
may start the
 help form clots to clotting process.
prevent blood loss from a
wound  Platelets are usually
produced in red
 As they pass over a rough bone marrow and
spot in a vessel, they live for about 5-9
become sticky days.
Red Blood Cells
 Contain a protein called

hemoglobin.
 Each red blood cell lives about

90-120 days.
 New cells are produced in the

red marrow of bones in a
process called hemopoiesis.
 The liver and spleen remove

dead red blood cells and reuse
the material.
Blood
Normal
•Hemoglobin
• Heme = iron Globin = protein
• Provides oxygen to tissues
• Returns CO2 to lungs
• Gives RBCs their red color
Blood
Abnormal
• WBC
- abnormal WBC
- leukemia
• RBC
- too few red blood cells
- too little hemoglobin ANEMIA
• Platelets
- hemorrhage, profuse bleeding
White Blood Cells
 There are fewer white

blood cells than red
ones, and they are
larger.
 Each white blood cells

lives about 9 days.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
 Pus consists of white

blood cells mixed with
bacteria.
Leukocytes
•Granulocytes
- granules
•Agranulocytes
- no granules
Granulocytes(granules)
• BASOPHILS
- mast cells
- Inflammation, allergies
• NEUTROPHILS
- 1st phagocytic cell
• EOSINOPHILS
- Destroy parasites
Leukocytes
Agranulocytes
• MONOCYTES
- 2ND phagocytic cell
- Initiate specific immune response
•LYMPHOCYTES
- B and T cells
- Produce specific immune response
Blood Types
 A person’s blood is
categorized into one of
four groups, or types.
 The types include:
◦ A, B, AB, and O.
 Blood type is an inherited
trait
 It is determined by what
proteins(antigens) are
present on the surface of
the red blood cells.
Blood Types
Antigens
• Proteins on the cell surface
• Stimulate immune response if foreign
to the body
Antibodies
• Fight foreign intruders causing them
to form little clumps (agglutinate)
• Reaction can be severe, life-
threatening
Blood Types
• Type A (41% of Americans)
- Contains A self-antigens (A protein); anti-B antibodies
• Type B
- Contains B self-antigens (B protein); anti-A antibodies
• Type AB
- Contains both A and B self-antigens (Both A & B proteins);
- Neither A nor B antibodies
• Type O
- Contains NO A nor B antigens (neither A or B proteins);
- Both A and B antibodies
21
d. Cardiovascular (components of blood, structures and functions of blood components)c
Rh Factor
85% white and 88% African-American
population in the U.S. have the Rh antigen
(causes the body to produce antibodies) :
• Rh-positive (+)
- Have the Rhesus antigen
• Rh-negative (-)
- Without the antigen
Blood Recipients
and Donors
Blood Typing
Lesson 1– Blood Transfusion
 Incompatible types might

have an adverse reaction.
▫ Type O- is the universal
donor. It has no
substances that will cause
antibodies to be produced.
▫ Type AB+ is the universal

recipient. It can safely
receive any other type of
blood.
Blood Vessels
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
d. Cardiovascular (structures and functions of the cardiovascular system)c 26
Arteries
• Away from the heart
• Smooth muscle expand/contract (elastic)
• Spurts with each contraction of the heart
• Fast
• O2  red, oxygenated
• Pumps oxygenated blood out to the body
• Hidden
• Aorta-largest artery (pumps blood directly from
heart)
• Aneurysm - weakened artery 27
Blood Vessels
 The aorta branches into

other arteries, which
then branch into smaller
vessels called arterioles.
 The blood then moves

to capillaries where
gases, nutrients, and
wastes are exchanged
through the thin walls of
the vessels.
Capillaries
• Exchange diffusion (H  L)
• One cell thick
• Single file SLOOOOW

• Slow for time to exchange
• Connect arteries to veins
Blood Vessels
 Venules(tiny veins) receive
the deoxygenated blood
 Veins are thinner and
from the capillaries. much less muscular
than arteries.
 Branches of venules come
together to form larger
 Gravity and the
veins. movement of muscles
around the veins help
 Blood is delivered to the
the blood continue to
heart by the body’s 2
flow.
largest veins:
◦ Superior vena cava returns
 Veins also have valves
blood from the upper part of that keep blood from
the body moving backward
◦ Inferior vena cava returns it
from the lower part.
Veins
• To the heart
• Valves prevent the back flow of blood
• Deoxygenates = Little O2  Dark Red
• Little smooth muscle
• Defective valves:
- Varicose veins
- Hemorrhoids
d. Cardiovascular (structures and functions of the cardiovascular system)c
31
HEART
• Pump
- 2 pumps
- Right and left
• Size - fist
• Weight - 1 lb.
d. Cardiovascular structures and functions of the cardiovascular system)c 32
HEART
Heartbeats
- Normal = 60-100 beats/minute
Abnormal:
- Tachycardia > 100 beats/minute
- Bradycardia < 60 beats/minute
Ejection blood volume - 2 ½ oz.

(cardiovascular).
33
Location of the Heart
• Thoracic Cavity
- (Chest) Ribcage and
Diaphragm
• Base
- Top
- Third Rib
- Retrosternal
• Apex
- Pointed Bottom
- On diaphragm
- 3 In. to left of sternum
Lesson 1– The Heart and Its Layers
 The heart is a two-

sided, hollow organ
about the size of a
fist.
 Three layers of tissue:
▫ Pericardium
▫ Myocardium
▫ Endocardium
Pericardium
 a double membrane,
or sac
 It covers the outside of
the heart
 It contains a
lubricating fluid that

reduces friction as the
heart beats in order to
prevent tissue damage
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
Myocardium
 The middle layer
 The thickest layer
 It is made of
muscle tissue and
pumps the blood This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under
CC BY-SA
through the system

Endocardium
 a smooth layer of cells

that lines the inside of
the heart and the
blood vessels.
 It allows for the blood

to flow smoothly
through the system.

Anatomy of the Heart
• Atria (Pleural) - Top
chambers
• Atrium (Singular)
• Coronary sulcus
(sunken)
• Divides the atria
from the ventricles
 Septum- a thick, muscular wall
that divides heart into right &
left sides
39
Anatomy of the Heart
Ventricles - Bottom chambers
• Left
- Pumps blood to the body
- Thicker walls
• Right
- Pumps blood to the lungs
• Interventricular sulcus
- Separates right and left ventricles
(cardiovascular).
40
Lesson 1– Heart Valves
 Four valves in the heart keep the

blood flowing in only 1 direction
 Atrioventricular –located between
the atria & ventricles
▫ Tricuspid valve-on the right side of
heart
▫ Bicuspid valve- on left side of heart
 Semilunar – located between

ventricle & vessels where blood
leaves the heart
▫ Pulmonary valve
▫ Aortic valve
External Anatomy
of the Heart
Coronary Arteries
•Heart arteries
• Supply O2 and nutrients to
heart muscles
Coronary Sulcus
Interventricular Sulcus
Internal Anatomy
of the Heart
pericardium
myocardium
endocardium
43
Blood Flow
VAVA
•Vein
•Atrium
•Ventricle
•Artery
Blood Flow - Right VAVA
• Vena Cava
• Carries blood to the
heart
• Superior
• From the head
• Inferior
• From the rest of the
body
45
Blood Flow - Right VAVA
• Right Atrium
- Right AV valve = Tricuspid valve closing=
lub
• Right Ventricle
- Pulmonary semilunar valve closing = dub
• Pulmonary Arteries
- carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Lungs where deoxygenated  oxygenated
Blood Flow – Left VAVA
• Pulmonary Vein
- Oxygenated - carries blood to the left atrium
• Left Atrium
- Left A-V VALVE = Bicuspid = Mitral Valve
closing= lub
• Left Ventricle
- pumps blood to aorta
- Aortic semilunar valve closing = dub
• Aorta
- carries blood to the body
1.13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (cardiovascular
d. Cardiovascular (, structures and functions of the cardiovascular system,) 47
Lesson 1– Circulation of Blood
 Pulmonary circulation
◦ The flow of blood
between the heart and
lungs
 Systemic circulation
◦ The flow of blood
between the heart and
the cells of the body
Pulmonary Circulation
 The right side of the

heart pumps
deoxygenated
(oxygen-poor) blood
to the lungs
 In the lungs, carbon
dioxide is exchanged
for oxygen
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC  Then the oxygenated
(oxygen-rich) blood
returns to the left side
of the heart.
Systemic Circulation
 The left side of the
heart pumps the
oxygenated blood to
the rest of the body.
 The blood returns

from the body to the
right side of the heart
to maintain
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
continuous
circulation.
Lesson 1– Heartbeat
 Electrical impulses starting

in the heart cause the
muscles to contract and the
heart to beat.
◦ (Only the heart contains muscle
tissue that can stimulate its own
contractions.)
 The right and left sides of

heart work together in a
cycle to produce a heartbeat.
Heart’s Conducting System
• Heart’s Conducting System
- Electricity
• SA NODE- (sino-atria node)
- Natural pacemaker , starts the heart beating
- Impulses travel from the top of the atrium to
the bottom
- Atrium contracts from the top to the bottom
forcing blood into the ventricle
- P Wave
53
Cardiac Cycle

(cardiovascular) 54
• AV NODE (Atrium-Ventricular node)
- Collect impulses generated from the SA node allows the atrium
to contract before the ventricle
• BUNDLE OF HIS
- Conducts impulses from the AV node to the bottom of the
ventricle without causing contraction
• PURKINJE FIBERS
- Impulses travel from the bottom to the top of the ventricle
• Contraction of the Ventricle from the Bottom to the Top
of Ventricle Out Through the Arteries
- QRS wave
- T wave- ventricles relax
1.13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (cardiovascular)
55
d. Cardiovascular (conduction system of the heart, cardiac cycle)
56
EKG
Atrial Ventricular
Contraction Contraction
No Electrical
Activity, CPR
Ventricular
LUB DUB Fibrillation
AED
57
Diseases and Disorders
Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
Angina Pectoris
Myocardial Infarction
Hypertension
Cerebrovascular Accident
1.21 Describe common diseases and disorders of each body system

(heart disease). a. Etiology b. Pathology c. Diagnosis d. Treatment e. 58
Prevention
Coronary Arteries
• Arteriosclerosis
- Hardening of the arteries leading
to loss of elasticity
- Increases with aging
- Prevention:
 Exercise Delays
1.21 Describe common diseases and disorders of each body system (heart 59
disease). a. Etiology b. Pathology c. Diagnosis d. Treatment e. Prevention
Coronary Arteries
• Atherosclerosis
• Fatty deposits (usually plaque) deposited on
the walls of the coronary arteries
• Usually enhanced by diets high in saturated
fats and cholesterol
Angina Pectoris
• Chest Pain
• Caused by Coronary Artery
Disease
• Ischemia
- Occurs during exertion and/or
stress
Treatment:
- Nitroglycerin (vasodilator)- Angioplasty
- Calcium - channel blockers - By-pass surgery
Myocardial Infarction (M.I.)
Heart Attack
• Heart Muscle Cell Death
• A Condition Caused by Partial or
Complete Occlusion of One or More of
the Coronary Arteries
• Treatment:
- Angioplasty
- By-pass surgery
1.21 Describe common diseases and disorders of each body system (heart disease). 62
a. Etiology b. Pathology c. Diagnosis d. Treatment e. Prevention
Hypertension
• High blood pressure
- >140/90
 Top Number = Systole = heart is contracting
 1st heart sound (number recorded when taking blood pressure)
 Bottom number = diastole = ventricles are relaxing
 last heart sound (number recorded when taking blood pressure)
• Treatment
- Reduce salt intake
- ACE inhibitors (medications)
- Calcium channel blockers (meds)
- Reduce stress
- Avoid
1.21 Describe tobacco,
common improve
diseases and diet,
disorders of each & exercise
body system (heart disease).
63
Hypertension: high blood pressure
 often called the “silent killer” because it may not show
any symptoms.
 If left untreated, it can lead to permanent damage to

the heart, blood vessels, and kidneys.
 Risk factors that contribute to this condition are

family history, race, obesity, smoking, stress, age,
and a diet high in saturated fat.
 There is no cure.
Hypertension: high blood pressure
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
Stroke “Brain Attack”

• Brain cells deprived of oxygen due to
hemorrhage or ischemia (blood clot)
Causes:
• High blood pressure
• Cigarette smoking
• Atrial fibrillation
• Physical inactivity
Treatment:
• Anticoagulants/Anti-platelets
• Anti-hypertensives
• TPA for ischemic to dissolve the clot
1.21 Describe common diseases and disorders of each body system (heart disease). 66
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
 occurs when the heart is unable to pump

enough blood to supply the needs of the body.
 It may strike suddenly, or it may progress over
a period of time.
 Sx:
◦ swelling, shortness of breath, fatigue, low blood

pressure, and a rapid pulse.
 Treatment:
◦ medication for the heart and to remove excess body
fluids, elastic support hose, and oxygen therapy.
◦ In addition, rest and lifestyle changes are needed to
relieve symptoms.
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
Anemia
 when red blood cells do not supply enough oxygen to

the body tissues.
 Results from a low amount of red blood cells or from
a low amount of hemoglobin in the blood cells, or
both.
 There are several types of anemia with different
causes.
 Symptoms include:
◦ fatigue, shortness of breath, paleness, and rapid heart rate.
 Treatment:
◦ varies depending on the type of anemia.
◦ It may involve dietary supplements, such as iron or vitamin
B12, blood transfusions, or in severe cases, bone marrow
transplant
Anemia
Leukemia
 Abnormal increase in the number of white

blood cells.
 The cells are immature and are not effective at

fighting disease.
 They also take the place of red blood cells and

reduce the amount of oxygen being carried to
the body tissues.
Leukemia
 Symptoms:
◦ fatigue, anemia, bleeding gums, and excessive
bruising. The condition can be life-threatening.
 Treatment:
◦ radiation, chemotherapy, or bone marrow
transplant.
◦ The patient may also be isolated to protect against
infection.
Leukemia
Cardiac Arrest
 a sudden loss of blood
flow
 Symptoms :  Results from the failure
◦ loss of consciousness of the heart to
◦ abnormal or absent effectively pump
breathing  triggered by an
electrical malfunction
◦ Some may have:- chest  causes an irregular
pain, shortness of breath, heartbeat---AKA:
or nausea before cardiac arrhythmia
arrest
◦ It’s often fatal, if the

appropriate steps aren’t
taken immediately
Cardiac Arrest
Atrial Fibrillation
 Common causes
are:
 A.K.A: Afib ◦ Abnormal heart
 quivering or irregular
valves, heart defects
at birth, and
heartbeat (arrhythmia) overactive thyroid
 Can lead to: glands
◦ blood clots, stroke, heart
failure, and other heart- o Other causes may be:
related complications exposure to
stimulants, such as
At least 2.7 million medications, caffeine,
Americans are living with tobacco, or alcohol
AFib
Atrial Fibrillation
Sickle Cell Disease
 when the body produces

abnormal red blood cells
in the shape of a crescent.
 The cells cannot pass
smoothly through the
blood vessels
 Vessels become clogged
 Resulting in:
◦ the oxygen in the red blood
cells does not get to the
body's organs
◦ Which causes pain and organ
damage

1.13 Cardiovascular+System

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1.13 Cardiovascular+System

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The Cardiovascular System

• Foundation Standard 1: Academic Foundation

Blood is vital to life.

About 4-6 liters of blood

Two parts of blood:

 Plasma-a pale yellow liquid

 Serum-plasma w/out the clotting

 Red blood cells

 White blood cells

 may form a plug to

 Contain a protein called

 Each red blood cell lives about

 New cells are produced in the

 The liver and spleen remove

 There are fewer white

 Each white blood cells

 Pus consists of white

 Incompatible types might

▫ Type AB+ is the universal

 The aorta branches into

 The blood then moves

• Single file SLOOOOW

Ejection blood volume - 2 ½ oz.

1.13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems

 The heart is a two-

lubricating fluid that

 The middle layer

 The thickest layer

through the system

 a smooth layer of cells

 It allows for the blood

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

 Four valves in the heart keep the

 Semilunar – located between

 The right side of the

 The blood returns

 Electrical impulses starting

 The right and left sides of

1.13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems

1.21 Describe common diseases and disorders of each body system

 If left untreated, it can lead to permanent damage to

 Risk factors that contribute to this condition are

Stroke “Brain Attack”

 occurs when the heart is unable to pump

◦ swelling, shortness of breath, fatigue, low blood

 when red blood cells do not supply enough oxygen to

 Abnormal increase in the number of white

 The cells are immature and are not effective at

 They also take the place of red blood cells and

◦ It’s often fatal, if the

 when the body produces

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