THERMAL POWER PLANT

17 MECHANICAL
By
Engr. Ans Ahmed
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Gas Turbine Power Plant
 Site Selection Criteria
1. Distance From Load Centre
The site should be as near to the load Centre as
possible so that the trans­mission costs and losses
are minimized.
2. Availability of Land
The land should be available at cheap rate in order
to keep the capital cost of the plant low.
3. Availability of Fuel:
The fuel should be easily avail­able and at
reasonable rate
 Site Selection Criteria

4. Availability of Transportation Facilities

The site should have transportation facility for
manpower, fuel etc.

5. Distance from Populated Area

The site should be away from populated are like
offices, schools, hospitals, residential area because of
noisy operation.
 Site Selection Criteria
6. Type of land
The land should be of high bearing capacity to
withstand the load of the plant and also the vibrations
transmitted to the foundations from compressors and
turbines.
 INTRODUCTION

Gas turbines are used by themselves in a very

wide of range of services, most notably for
powering aircraft of all types but also in
industrial plants for driving mechanical
equipment such as pumps, compressor and small
electric generators in electrical utilities and for
producing electric power for peak loads and as
well as for intermediate and some base load
duties
 Models of Gas turbines
 Gas Turbines are available in one or two shaft models.
 Single shaft run at constant speed
 The two shaft allows the load to be driven at variable
speed
Gas turbine cycles
 Direct open cycle

Indirect open cycle
 Direct closed cycle
THE IDEAL BRAYTON CYCLE
Brayton cycle, which is made up of four internally
reversible processes:
 1-2 Isentropic compression (in a compressor)

 2-3 Constant-pressure heat addition

 3-4 Isentropic expansion (in a turbine)

 4-1 Constant-pressure heat rejection

FUNCTION OF AIR IN GAS
TURBINE

The air in gas turbines performs two important functions:

It supplies the necessary oxidant for the combustion of
the fuel, and it serves as a coolant to keep the temperature
of various components within safe limits. The second
function is accomplished by drawing in more air than is
needed for the complete combustion of the fuel.
GAS TURBINE POWER
PLANT
 Gas Turbine power plant has relatively low cost and can be
quickly put in to commission. It requires less space. This plant
is of smaller capacity and is mainly used for peak load service
 •Gas turbine power plants are very promising for regions
where liquid or gaseous fuel is available in large quantities.
Gas turbine installations require only a fraction of water used
by their steam turbine counterparts.
 •Gas turbine has made rapid progress during the past decade
due mainly to the large amount of research . The size of gas
turbine plants used in a large System varies normally from 10
to 50MW.
 •The thermal efficiency of gas turbine plant Is about2 2% to
25%.
Development of Gas Turbines
The efforts to improve the cycle efficiency
concentrated in three areas:
 1. Increasing the turbine inlet (or firing)

temperatures
 2. Increasing the efficiencies of turbo machinery

components
 3. Adding modifications to the basic cycle
MODIFICATION OF GAS TURBINE
CYCLE
 Following modification are employed in the
existing Brayton cycle to improve its efficiency

 INTERCOOLING

 REHEATING

 REGERATION
SIMPLE PRINCIPLE

 The steady-flow compression or expansion work is

proportional to the specific volume of the fluid.
Therefore, the specific volume of the working fluid
should be as low as possible during a compression
process and as high as possible during an
expansion process
The net work of a gas-turbine cycle is the difference between
the turbine work output and the compressor work input, and
it can be increased by either decreasing the compressor
work or increasing the turbine work, or both .
The work required to compress a gas between two specified
pressures can be decreased by carrying out the compression
process in stages and cooling the gas in between that is,
using multistage compression with inter cooling. As the
number of stages is increased, the compression process
becomes nearly isothermal at the compressor inlet
temperature, and the compression work decreases.
 Combustion in gas turbines typically occurs at four times
the amount of air needed for complete combustion to
avoid excessive temperatures.

Therefore, the exhaust gases are rich in oxygen, and

reheating can be accomplished by simply spraying
additional fuel into the exhaust gases between two
expansion states .
The working fluid leaves the compressor at a lower
temperature, and the turbine at a higher temperature, when
inter cooling and reheating are utilized. This makes
regeneration more attractive since a greater potential for
regeneration exists. Also, the gases leaving the
compressor can be heated to a higher temperature before
they enter the combustion chamber because of the higher
temperature of the turbine exhaust.
 Back Work Ratio
 The back work ratio of a gas-turbine cycle improves as
a result of inter cooling and reheating. However, this
does not mean that the thermal efficiency also
improves. The fact is, inter cooling and reheating
always decreases the thermal efficiency unless they are
accompanied by regeneration. This is because inter
cooling decreases the average temperature at which
heat is added, and reheating increases the average
temperature at which heat is rejected. Therefore, in gas-
turbine power plants, intercooling and reheating are
always used in conjunction with regeneration.
Layout of Gas Turbine Power
Plant