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To The Exiting World OF
To The Exiting World OF
EXITING
WORLD
OF
ELECTROSTATICS
THE BRANCH OF PHYSICS DEALING WITH
CHARGES AT REST AND THEIR PROPERTIES
STATIC ELECTRICITY WAS FIRST OBSERVED BY
THALES OF MILETUS IN 600 BC WHEN HE FOUND
THAT AMBER WHEN RUBBED WITH FUR
ACQUIRED THE PROPERTY OF ATTRCACTING
TINY PIECES OF SAW DUST ETC.
ELECTRICITY PRODUCED BY RUBBING IS CALLED
FRICTIONAL ELECTRICITY
SINCE THE CHARGES SO PRODUCED ARE AT REST
IT IS ALSO CALLED STATIC ELECTRICITY
CHARGES ARE PRODUCED BY TRANSFER OF
ELECTRONS
IN 1600 AD, DR. WILLIAM GILBERT, COURT
PHYSICIAN TO QUEEN ELIZABETH I OF ENGLAND,
PUBLISHED THE BOOK (DE MAGNETO) IN WHICH
HE MADE AN ACCOUNT OF ALL THE EXPERIMENTS
AND OBSERVATIONS MADE SO FAR IN THE FIELD
OF ELECTROSTATICS.
GILBERT FOUND THAT THERE ARE TWO KINDS OF
CHARGES AND THAT LIKE CHARGES REPEL AND
UNLIKE CHARGES ATTRACT.
HE NAMED THE TWO KINDS OF CHARGES AS
RESINOUS AND VITREOUS.
THE CHARGE ACQUIRED BY AMBER OR EBONITE
(WHEN RUBBED WITH WOOL OR FUR) WAS
CALLED RESINOUS AND THE OTHER KIND OF
CHARGE WAS CALLED VITREOUS.
BENJAMIN
FRANKLIN,
AN AMERICAN
SCIENTIST
Introduced the convention
according to which resinous charge
was called negative and the other
was called positive
CONSERVATION OF CHARGES
THE TOTAL CHARGE IN ANY SYSTEM IS
ALWAYS CONSERVED
NET CHARGE CAN NEITHER BE CREATED
NOR BE DESTROYED IN ISOLATION
CHARGES CAN ONLY BE PRODUCED OR
DESTROYED IN EQUAL AND OPPOSITE PAIRS
THE TOTAL CHARGE BEFORE AND AFTER
ANY REACTION REMAINS THE SAME.
QUANTIZATION OF CHARGE
THE CHARGE PRESENT IN ANY BODY IS
ALWAYS THE INTEGRAL MULTIPLE OF
FUNDAMENTAL CHARGE THE
CHARGE OF AN ELECTRON (1.6 X 10-19C)
NO BODY CAN POSSESS FRACTIONAL
ELECTRONIC CHARGE (IN THE
MACROSCOPIC WORLD)
QUARKS
ARE PARTICLES CONSIDERED TO POSSESS
FRACTIONAL ELECTRONIC CHARGES -- ± 1/3
e, ± 2/3 e …..
THERE ARE SIX TYPES OF QUARKS UP,
DOWN, TOP, BOTTOM, CHARM AND
STRANGE
BUT THE EXISTENCE OF QUARKS DONOT
VIOLATE THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF
CHARGE. IT ONLY CHANGES THE
MAGNITUDE OF FUNDAMENTAL CHARGE TO
THAT OF THE LOWEST POSSIBLE CHARGE
ON QUARKS.
ALSO, QUARKS CANNOT EXIST FREELY.
THEY ARE ALWAYS FOUND COMBINED TO
FORM INTEGRAL MULTIPLES OF
ELECTRONIC CHARGE.
Baryon
Mass*
Quark Symbol Spin Charge Num S C B T
ber
Up U 1/2 +2/3 1/3 0 0 0 0 360 MeV
Down D 1/2 -1/3 1/3 0 0 0 0 360 MeV
Charm C 1/2 +2/3 1/3 0 +1 0 0 1500 MeV
Strange S 1/2 -1/3 1/3 -1 0 0 0 540 MeV
Top T 1/2 +2/3 1/3 0 0 0 +1 174 GeV
Bottom B 1/2 -1/3 1/3 0 0 +1 0 5 GeV
COULOMB’S LAW
THE FORCE OF ATTRACTION OR REPULSION
BETWEEN TWO POINT CHARGES IS DIRECTLY
PROPORTIONAL TO THE PRODUCT OF THE
AMGNITUDE OF THE CHARGES AND
INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO THE SQUARE
OF THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THEM.
MATHEMATICALLY
1 Q1Q2
F
4 0 r 2
RELATIVE PERMITIVITY
Is defined as the ratio of the force between two
point charges separated in vacuum to the force
between the same two charges separated by
the same distance while kept in the medium.
i.e. r= F0 /Fm
PRINCIPLE OF SUPER POSITION
F
E lim
qo 0 q
0
ELECTRIC LINES OF FORCE
Are imaginary lines of force such that the
tangent to it at any point gives the direction of
electric field at that point.
A positive point charge free to move will move
in the direction of electric field and a negative
point charge will move in a direction opposite
to the direction of electric field along an
electric line of force.
The lines of force to represent uniform electric field
are as shown below
1 2p
Eaxial when r l
4 o r 3
1 p
Eequatorial when r l
4 o r 3
TORQUE ON A DIPOLE
= pE sin
Or
=pXE
where p is the electric dipole moment and E
is the intensity of electric field.
DERIVATION ( = PE sin)
Force on charge +q at A .
F A
qE
force on charge - q at B
F B
qE
Forces F A and FB equal
and opposite form a
couple which tends to
rotate the dipole
torque acting on dipole is
qE 2l sin
(q 2l ) E sin
pE sin (2) p q 2l dipole moment
No torque acts when dipole moment aligns parallel to
electric field ( i.e = 0 )
from ( 2 ) =0
pE sin 0 pE 0
ELECTRIC FLUX
Is the total lines of force passing
normal to a given surface
E
s
E .d S
W PE (cos 2 cos1 )
POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A
DIPOLE IN A UNIFORM ELECTRIC
FIELD
U P.E
ACTION OF POINTS
The surface charge density is not uniform in
the case of uneven metal surfaces. It is
maximum at sharp points and hence the
intensity of electric field will also be
maximum at these points. This is known as
action of points.
CORONA DISCHARGE
When a metal with sharp points is charged, the
sharp points acquire a high electric field and
ionizes the air molecules nearby and then
repels them away. The charged air molecules
moving away from the sharp points constitute
an electric wind and the discharge of
electricity from sharp points like this is known
as corona discharge.
LIGHTNING CONDUCTOR
Is a device made of metal with sharp points fixed on
the top of huge buildings and earthed by thick strips
of conductor.
They protect the building in two ways.
They avoid the occurrence of lightning by corona
0 A
C"
1
d t 1
K
CAPACITANCE OF A PARALLEL
PLATE CAPACITOR WITH A
METAL SLAB OF THICKNESS t
0 A
C"
d t
COMBINATION OF CAPACITORS
SERIES COMBINATION
When capacitors are combined in
series, the reciprocal of effective
capacitance 1 1 1 1
.......... .
C s C1 C2 Cn
PARALLEL COMBINATION
When capacitors are combined in
series, the effective capacitance
C p C1 C2 ........... Cn
DEFINE DIELECTRIC CONSTANT ON THE
BASIS OF CAPACITANCE OF A PARALLEL
PLATE CAPACITOR
Dielectric constant of a
medium is defined as
the ratio of the
capacitance of a Cm
capacitor completely
filled with the medium K
to the capacitance of the
capacitor without any
Co
dielectric.
DIELECTRIC STRENGTH
Dielectric strength of a dielectric
is the maximum electric field that
can be applied to it beyond which
it breaks down.
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Calculate the number of electrons in excess in
a body with 1 coulomb of negative charge.
Q = ne
Q = 1C
e = 1.6 X 10-19C
n = Q/e= 1/(1.6 X 10-19C) = 6.25 X 1018