General Biology 1

Quarter 2 – Week 2
1
 Energy
 Required by
all organisms
 May be
Kinetic or
Potential
energy

2
 Kinetic Energy
 Energy of
Motion
 Heat and
light energy
are
examples
3
 Potential Energy
 Energy of
position
 Includes
energy
stored in
chemical
bonds
4
 Two Types of
Energy Reactions

5
 Endergonic Reactions
 Chemical reaction that requires
a net input of energy.
energy
 Absorbs free energy and stores
it
Light
 Photosynthesis SUN Energy
photons

6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2

(glucose)
6
Exergonic Reactions
 Chemical reactions that
releases energy
 Cellular Respiration
Energy

C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O+ ATP

(glucose)

7
Metabolic Reactions
of Cells

8
What is Metabolism?
 The sum total
of the chemical
activities of all
cells.
cells
 Managing the
material and
energy
resources of
the cell
9
Two Types of Metabolism
 Catabolic
Pathways
 Anabolic
Pathways

10
 Catabolic Pathway
 Metabolic reactions which release
energy (exergonic) by breaking down
complex molecules in simpler
compounds
 Hydrolysis = add a water molecule to
break apart chemical bonds
energy
 Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O +
ATP
(glucose)
11
 Anabolic Pathway
 Metabolic reactions, which consume
energy (endergonic), to build
complicated molecules from simpler
compounds.
 Dehydration synthesis = removal of a water
molecule to bond compounds together
 Photosynthesis light
SUN energy

6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2

(glucose)
12
Energy Coupling
 The transfer of energy from
catabolism to anabolism

 Energy from exergonic reactions drive

endergonic reactions and vice versa

 EX. Photosynthesis – cellular respiration

cycle

13
Free Energy
The portion of a system's energy
that can perform work.
G = H - TS
G = free energy of a system
H = total energy of a system
T = temperature in oK
S = entropy of a system
14
 Free Energy of a System
 If the system has:
 more free energy
 it is less stable
 It has greater work capacity

 Metabolic equilibrium = zero free energy so it can do no

work DEAD CELL
 Metabolic disequilibrium = produces free energy to do
work
 More unstable produces more free energy
 EX. Greater concentration/ temperature differences
15
Free Energy Changes

16
Spontaneous Process
 If the system is unstable, it has a
greater tendency to change
spontaneously to a more stable state.
 This change provides free energy for
work.

17
Chemical Reactions
 Are the source of energy for living systems.
 Are based on free energy changes.

Reaction Types
Exergonic: chemical reactions with a net
release of free energy.
Endergonic: chemical reactions that
absorb free energy from the
surroundings.

18
Exergonic/Endergonic

19
3 main kinds of cellular work
 Mechanical - muscle contractions
 Transport - pumping across
membranes
 Chemical - making polymers

All cellular work is

powered by
ATP
20
Cell Energy
 Couples an exergonic process to drive
an endergonic one.
 ATP is used to couple the reactions
together.

21
Cellular Energy -
ATP

22
 ATP
 Components:
1. adenine: nitrogenous base
2. ribose: five carbon sugar
3.phosphate group: chain of 3

adenine phosphate group

P P P
ribose

23
 Adenosine Triphosphate
 Three phosphate
groups-(two with
high energy bonds
 Last phosphate
group (PO4) contains
the MOST energy
 All three phosphate
groups are
negatively charged
(repel each other
making it very
unstable)
24
How does ATP work ?
 Organisms use enzymes to
break down energy-rich
glucose to release its
potential energy
 This energy is trapped and
stored in the form of
adenosine triphosphate(ATP)

25
How Much ATP Do Cells Use?
 It is estimated
that each cell
will generate
and consume
approximately
10,000,000
molecules of
ATP per second
26
Coupled Reaction - ATP
 The exergonic
hydrolysis of ATP
is coupled with the
endergonic
dehydration H2O
process by
transferring a
phosphate group to
another molecule.
H2O
27
 Hydrolysis of ATP
ATP + H2O  ADP + P (exergonic)

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

P P P

Hydrolysis
(add water)

P P + P
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
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Hyrolysis is Exergonic

Energy
Used
by
Cells

29
Dehydration of ATP
ADP + P  ATP + H2O (endergonic)

Dehydration
(Remove H2O

P P + P
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

P P P
30
Dehydration is Endergonic

Energy
is
restored
in
Chemical
Bonds

31
ATP in Cells
 A cell's ATP content is recycled
every minute.
 Humans use close to their body
weight in ATP daily.

 No ATP production equals quick

death.

32
Review

33
How many high energy phosphate
bonds does ATP have?

34
Which is true of photosynthesis?

Anabolic or Catabolic

Exergonic Or Endergonic

35
 The breakdown of ATP is
due to:
Dehydration or Hydrolysis

H2O added or H2O removed

36
 Which Reactions are often
Coupled in Organisms
Hydrolysis BOTH
or Dehydration

Anabolism or
BOTH Catabolism

Endergonic or
BOTH Exergonic

37