Morphology:

morphemes vs words,
free and bound morphemes, derivational
and inflectional morphenes.
• Felicia miranda angelica
• Selly noviana
• Yufan rahmat firdaus
 Morphology
is the study of words, how they are formed, and their
relationship to other words in the same language.
_
In
  this way, morphology is the branch of linguistics
that studies patterns of word formation within and
across languages and attempts to formulate rules
that model the knowledge of the speakers of those
languages.
Morpheme vs word
A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in a language. A
morpheme is not necessarily the same as a word.
The main difference between a morpheme and a word is that a
morpheme sometimes does not stand alone, but a word, by
definition, always stands alone.

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Example of morpheme
• One morpheme : boy (one syllable) desire, lady, water (two syllable)
crocodile ( three syllable) salamader ( four syllable) or more syllable
• Two morpheme : boy + ish =kekanak-kanakan , desire + able =diinginkan
• Three morpheme : boy + ish + ness =sifat kekanak-kanakan, desire + able
+ ity =keinginan
• Four morpheme : gentle + man + li + ness= keramahan, un + desire + able
+ ity= tidak diinginkan
• More than four : un + gentle + man + li + ness= tidak sopan, anti + dis +
establish + ment + ari + an + ism= anti pembubaran
I bet you are happy now. Bet = 1 morpheme 1
syllable
I do not know all the words of the English
language. Words = 2 morpheme 1 syllable.
Words is 1 syllable and s is 0 syllable.
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• Every morpheme can be classified as either free or
bound. Since the categories are mutually exclusive, a
given morpheme will belong to exactly one of them.
Classification of
morpheme
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 Free morpheme (bebas)
Free morpheme can stand alone with a specific
meaning, does not have to be combined with other
morphemes. E.g. dog, gentle, picture, , eat, date,
weak, etc
Bound morphemes ---
bound morphemes cannot stand alone with meaning. Bound morphemes
appear only as parts of words, always in conjunction with a root and
sometimes with other bound morphemes.
 For example, un- appears only accompanied by other
morphemes to form a word. Most bound morphemes in
English are affixes, particularly prefixes and suffixes.
Examples of suffixes are -tion, -sion, -tive, -ation, -ible, and
-ing. Bound morphemes that are not affixed are called
cranberry morphemes.
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Classification of bound morpheme

Bound morphemes can be further classified as derivational or

inflectional morphemes. The main difference between derivational
morphemes and inflectional morphemes is their function in
relation to words.
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Derivational morphemes (turunan )

Derivational morphemes, when combined with a root, change the

semantic meaning or the part of speech of the affected word.

For example, in the word happiness, the addition of the bound

morpheme -ness to the root happy changes the word from an adjective
(happy) to a noun (happiness).
In the word unkind, un- functions as a derivational morpheme since it
inverts the meaning of the root morpheme (word) kind. Generally,
morphemes that affix (i.e., affixes) to a root morpheme (word) are
bound morphemes.
 Example of derivational
Example : “Sing”(Verb) and “Singer” (Noun) it
changes the meaning of words and word class.

“Kind “ (Adjective) and “Unkind” (Adjective) it still

adjective but has a contrasting meaning
Inflectional morphemes. (pembentukan kata
baru)
Inflectional morphemes modify the tense, aspect, mood, person, or
number of a verb, or the number, gender, or case of a noun,
adjective, or pronoun, without affecting the word's meaning or
class (part of speech). Examples of applying inflectional
morphemes to words are adding -s to the root dog to form dogs, or
adding -ed to wait to form waited. An inflectional morpheme
changes the form of a word.
Example of inflectional morphemes
“Book” = “Books” they still have the same meaning and
both still noun but “Book” is single and “Books” are
plural.

“Study” = “Studies” “Studied” and “Studying” although

it changes words but does not change meaning and
remains a verb
• Morphem is a smallest meaningful unit of language. Morpheme sometimes
doesn’t stand alone.
• Morpheme divided into two types: free and bound morpheme
• Free morpheme can stand alone and have a spesific meaning. Example:
happy, desire.
• Bound morpheme divided into two types: derivational and inflectional
morpheme.
• The inflectional morpheme changes the word class but does not change the
meaning of the word. Example: pencil and pencils, sing and singing
• The derivational morpheme change the meaning of the word and sometimes
change the class of words. Example : friendly and unfriendly, dance and
dancer.
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