UNDERSTANDIN

G THE SELF
PREPARED BY GROUP 2
(BSP 1)
PSYCHOLOGY
The self as a Cognitive The self as Proactive and
Construction 01 02 Agentic

03
The self as embedded in relationships
and through spiritual development in
Confucian thought
LEARNING OUTCOMES

Identify the different ideas in psychology about

the “self”
Create your own definition of the “self” based
on the definition from psychology; and
Analyzed the effects of various factors identified
in psychology in the formation of the self
 The self as a Cognitive Construction

COGNITIVE-
CONSTRUCTION
 Known as Constructivism
 Pioneered by Jean Piaget
 People constructs their own understanding and knowledge
of the world through their experiences and their reflections
upon these experiences.
What is self?
Do you agree?
I am who I am
 If you are&who
Fonts youused
colors are, then
who are you that makes you
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who you are?

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William James' Concept
of Self
 William James
1842 - 1910

 He is known as the Father

of American psychology.
 In 1890, he introduced
the principles of
psychology and
distinguished the two
understandings of the
self.
 SELF
 William James (1890) distinguished two understandings
of the self, the self as “Me” and the self as “I”.
 “Me” corresponds to the self as an object of experience
(self as object)
 “I” reflects the self as a subject of experience (self as
subject).
 ME
SELF
 Empirical self
 Describing a person’s personal experiences and divided to sub-
category:
—Material self (All of the physical elements that reflect who you
are. Such possessions are viewed as extensions of individuals'
identities)
—Social self (Involves relationship building, empathizing, and
communicating)
—Spiritual self (Highlighting the mind-body-spirit connection)
 ISELF
 Refers to the self that knows who or she is.
 Subjective self
 Thinking, acting and feeling self
 Reflected the soul of a person or what is now thought of as the
mind and is called the pure ego.
 SELF of I-Self
Features
 A sense of being the agent or initiator of behavior.​
 A sense of being unique​
 A sense of continuity​
 A sense of awareness
“ A man’s self is the sum total of
all that he can call his, not only
his body and his psychic, but his
clothes and his house.”
—William James
Self is associated with:

1. IDENTITY
 composed of personal characteristics, social roles, and
responsibilities, as well as affiliations that define who one
is.
2. SELF-CONCEPT
 What basically comes to your mind when you are asked
about who you are.
 A schema that contains knowledge about us. It is primarily
made up of physical characteristics, group memberships,
and traits.
 Rogers further divided the self into two categories: the
ideal self and the real self.
TAKE NOTE!!!

Self, identity and self

concept are not fixed in
one frame.
 Carl Rogers’
Ideal self, Real self and
Components Of
Self-Concept
 Carl Rogers
1902 - 1987

Widely regarded as one of the

most eminent thinkers in
psychology. He is best known
for developing the
psychotherapy method called
client-centered therapy and for
being one of the founders of
humanistic psychology.
Carl Rogers, an American psychologist and among the
founders of the humanistic approach to psychology, stated
that:
“I” the one who acts and decides
“Me” is what you think or feel about yourself as an object
Carl Rogers,​Self-Concept includes three components:
 Self- Image​ (the way we see ourselves; physically,​ our
social roles, and our personality traits)
 Self- Esteem (the value we place upon ourselves)
 Ideal Self ​(the self we would like to be; can be congruent or
incongruent)
​
 REAL SELF
 Who you actually are
 How we think, how we feel, look, and
act.
 Can be seen by others, but because we
have no way of truly knowing how
others view us, the real self is our self-
image.
 Often mistaken as actual self wherein the
representation of the attributes that we believe
we actually possess, or that we believe others
believe we possess.
 IDEAL SELF
 Idealized version of yourself created out of what you have
learned from your life experiences, the demands of
society, and what you admire in your role models.
 How we want to be
 Ideal self and ought self act as self guides with which the
actual self aspires to be aligned.
OUGHT SELF
 Determined through obligation and
sense of duty.
 A self-guide attached to ideas about
who persons feel they should be or
should become. These selves are
typically concerned with safety and
responsibility.
 Sigmund Freud’s
Construction
of Self and Personality
 Sigmund Freud
1856 - 1939

 Sigmund Freud was an

Austrian neurologist
 The founder of
psychoanalysis, a clinical
method for treating
psychopathology through
dialogue between a patient
and a psychoanalyst.
THREE STRUCTURES OF PERSONALITY
 ID- pleasure-seeking, immature, impulsive, child-like and
cannot delay gratification.
 Ego- “I’, works on the reality principle, control the id and
can delay pleasure
 Superego- the “conscience” and the “moral judge” of
conduct
 ID SUPEREGO
“I want to do that “It is not right to do
know” that now”

EGO
“Maybe we can
compromise”
 “The mind is like an
iceberg; it floats with
one-seventh of its bulk
above the water”
― Sigmund Freud
 Three levels of consciousness:
1. Conscious- What we’re thinking about or experiencing at any
given moment.
2. Preconscious- What we can readily call to conscious (memories,
knowledge)
3. Unconscious- Thoughts, desire, and impulses of which we’re not
aware; this is the largest level of consciousness.
Subconscious- Concerning the part of the mind of which one is
not fully aware but which influences one’s actions and feelings.
 Global versus
Differentiated Models of
self
 GLOBAL
 Refers to the general value that a person places on himself
or herself

DIFFERENTIATED SELF
 Refers to our ability to separate our own feelings and
thoughts from others.
 10 Differentiated model of self

 Self consciousness  Self as creative

 Self multiple  Self as Onion
 Self looking glass  Self as identity
 Self as structure  Self as Unicorn
 Self as flower  Self as Chameleon
SELF CONSCIOUSNESS
 Self consciousness is heightened sense of
self of self- awareness.
 Helps us improve social functioning
SELF MULTIPLE
 Someone’s role is not stop being her or
him. His/ her responsibilities and sense of
self.
SELF LOOKING GLASS
Other people serve as a mirror in which we can see ourselves.
 People develop a sense of who there are and what to think of
themselves by watching the reaction of the people in their
“primary group” as well as those they meet throughout their
lives.
 We see ourselves through the eyes of the other people, even
to the extent of incorporating their views of us into our own
self-concept.
SELF AS STRUCTURE
 The self, as that which can be object to itself, is essential a
social structure and it arises in social experience.
SELF AS FLOWER
 The self in this view is like a flower, potentially growing
into full bloom.
SELF AS CREATIVE
“Men is nothing else but what he makes of
himself.” Rejecting any traditional essentialist
idea of human nature.
 Jean-Paul Sartre stated that there are
freedom in ourself and we are nothing less
than our life combining all your project,
actions, and choices. The self in his view, is
not an iceberg, not a passive reflection nor
flower that may grow; it is what we make but
it is somehow atomistic.
SELF AS ONION
 This model is indicated by the phrase “hidden depths” and
reflects the notion that one may not really know someone,
just the GOFFMENASQUE presentation of the different
selves acting in different roles and circumstances, which may
be camouflage and mask.
SELF AS IDENTITY
 Our self concept is our identity. It is the concept we develop
about ourself that evolves over the course of our life. This
may include the aspects of our life that we have no control
over, such as where we grew up or the color of our skin, as
well as the choices we make in life, such as how we spend
our time and what we believe.
SELF AS UNICORN
 It is a party unknown, even unknowable because it is
so below consciousness and in progress
SELF AS CHAMELEON
 Chameleon because it is multiple, mutable,
adaptable, and selective in a presentation. These
selves may be complementary, contradictory, or
conflicted.
David Lester's Multiple
versus Unified Self
 David Lester
 David Lester is a British-
American psychologist,
Suicidologist, and emeritus
professor of psychology at
Stockton University.
 He known for researching
suicide, and has been called
"the world's pre-eminent
suicide researcher."
The mind is composed of such multiple sub selves that are
autonomous sets of psychological processes such as dreams,
desires, emotions and memories.
 The theory posits that we our selves vary across different
roles and relationships
 Coping with different selves is challenging task and it
becomes a struggle to form a unified self.
UNIFIED SELF
 a means of referring to the "composite" persona, or to the
"self" that contains all of the other personas that exist
within a person's interactional style.
 integration of the subselves into one, however,
integration is a task for the later part of life.
MULTIPLE SELF
 According to Americal Psychological Association, it is a
psychoanalytic concept of the self as composed of many
different self-states with different affective, perceptual,
and cognitive features.
The mind is made up of multiple
selves, and this is a normal
psychological phenomenon

― David Lester
Donald Winnicott's True
self versus
False Self
Donald Winnicott’s 1896
- 1971

 An English pediatrician and

psychoanalyst who was
especially influential in the
field of object relations
theory and developmental
psychology
 Best known for his ideas on
the true self and false self, the
"good enough" parent.
TRUE SELF
 Inherently moral, good, and transcends situations and
circumstances and culturally stable; governed by the
moral code
 Real or the truth about yourself.
 Represented by our real feelings and desires
 A sense of self based on spontaneous authentic experience
and a feeling of being alive, having a real self.
 FALSE SELF
 Side of us that has changed its behaviour, repressed feelings and
pushed needs aside in order to survive.
 Artificial persona that people create very early in life to protect
themselves from re-experiencing developmental trauma, shock
and stress in close relationships (Donald Winnicott, 1960).
 A defensive façade, which in extreme cases could leave its
holders lacking spontaneity and feeling dead and empty, behind
a mere appearance of being real.
The function of the False self is to hide and
protect the True self.

— Donald Winnicott
Is hiding our true
self is necessary?
Or not?
 Psychological Defense Mechanism

1. Denial
2. Repression 1. Displacement
3. Rationalization 2. Regression
4. Projection 3. Identification
5. Reaction Formation 4. Compensation
(Substitution)
5. Sublimation
Albert Banduro's Self as
Proactive and Agentic
 Self as Proactive and Agentic

PROF. ALBERT BANDURA

 He is a stanford University psychologist and
also one of the most highly cited academics
in the world (Haggbloom et al., 2002).
 Bandura’s scholarship has formed parts of
many enduring branches of psychology,
including social cognitive theory, reciprocal
determinism, and social learning theory
 PROACTIVE
 controlling a situation by preparing on possible future
problems or situations
PROACTIVE PEOPLE
 proactive people are very organized and they project
themselves into the future rather than focusing only on
what's happening in front of them. It is basically acting in
advance.
 What is Proactive?

6 ways to adapt a proactive mindset and achieve

success
 Focus more in the future
 Take personal responsibility to your success
 Think big pictures
 Prioritize & Focus on what you can control
 Think through scenarios
 Make things happen
 What is Proactive?

How does being "proactive" helpful?

Being proactive can help us to be more relaxed,

prepared and in control, as we are able to establish
precautionary steps for potential situations. Along with
that, being proactive is also correlated to our career
success, better health and relationships.
 What is Proactive?

AGENTIC
 Described as an individual's power to control his or her own
goals actions and destiny.
 It starts from the word "Agency" which is the capacity of an
agent to act in the world, where an agent can be human or
any living being in general
 What is Proactive?

 The agentic self is the self that can act in the world. He or
she is the one at choice, the one who chooses what they do.

"As you DO, so you ARE".

 According to Albert Bandura, he views people as Self

Organizing, Proactive, Self Reflecting, and Self Regulated
is what he calls as "Agentic".
 What is Proactive?

4 core properties of human agency based on Albert

Bandura
INTENTIONALLY
 refers to acts that we do intentionally and you know
already the possible outcome. for example you decided to
not sleep early, then you intentionally want to wake up
late.
 What is Proactive?

FORETHOUGHTS
 enables the person to anticipate of future outcomes. example
you noticed that is raining, now you anticipate that the class
might be suspended or not.
SELF-REACTIVENESS
 involves making choices and choosing appropriate courses of
action as well as motivating and regulating. One good
example is during examination you don’t know the answer it
is your decision if you want to copy from your classmate or
not.
 What is Proactive?

SELF-REFLECTIVENESS
 Gives us the ability to reflect on our lack of thoughts and
actions. we are also self-examiners. we give time to our self to
think about our experiences and decisions that we made
 The Self embedded in Relationships and through Spiritual
What is Proactive?
development in Confucian thought

CONFUCIUS
 Confucius lived in time full of political
instability and constant war
 He developed concepts about
education, government, and society.
 He also established ethical, moral, and
social standards that formed the basis of
a way of life known as Confucianism.
 What is Proactive?

CONFUCIANISM

 A way of life taught by a philosopher and teacher named

Confucius in the 5th century BCE .
 Viewed as a philosophical or ethical system but is also as a
religion.
 6.3 million people practice Confucianism
 What is Proactive?

PERSONALITY

 Not inherently existing but something that being formed

through environment
 Human being is seen as social being (social animal)
 Every person is born with four beginnings
 What is Proactive?

PERSONALITY

1.Heart of Compassion- leads to Jen

•Love, goodness, and human-heartedness
•Moral achievement and excellence in character
•Loyalty to one’s true nature
•Righteousness
•ALL THIS = VIRTUE
 What is Proactive?

2.Heart of Righteousness- leads to Yi

•Yi means Righteousness
•The concept of Yi is the one that upholds man’s conduct
•It is the highest principle embodied in the activities of
mankind.
 What is Proactive?

3.Heart of Propriety- leads to Li

•Rites ceremonies, proper behavior, and good manner
•Universal harmony
•Performed in good faith, with everyone keeping to his
proper role
•No need for physical sanctions, laws, or punishments
 What is Proactive?

4.Heart of Wisdom- leads to Chih

•At birth, being human is no different from being an
animal
•The true human condition is achieved, through the
practice of virtues.
In Confucianism then, the self can never be static. If one stop
to develop the virtues in one’s living, one has already lost them all.
To be human means to develop and to keep pursuing the virtues
 What is Proactive?

THE FIVE RELATIONSHIPS

1. RULER- SUBJECT
•The subject should bow down and respect the superior one.
•The ruler is the superior one.
•The ruler should be the subject’s role model
2. FATHER- SON
•The son has to respect his father
•The father has to also be a good role model to the son and he should
be loving and nurturing
 What is Proactive?

3. HUSBAND- WIFE
•Wife is the less superior one and has to respect and listen to her
husband since women were lower in society than men.
•The husband needs to be a good role model to his wife and has
to respect his wife’s authority too.
4. OLDER BROTHER- YOUNGER BROTHER
•The older brother needs to be the role model of the younger one.
•The younger one should respect his older brother.
 What is Proactive?

5.FRIENDS-FRIENDS
•Both sides are equal in status.
•Each has to respect one another.
•Share with the other
 What is Proactive?

The perfecting of one's self is the

fundamental base of all progress and
all moral development

— Confucius
 What is Proactive?

HIERARCHICAL PIETY
 This relation teaches its followers to show reverence to
people of higher status or social rank

FILIAL PIETY
 It means to have respect for your parents, elders, and
ancestors
 What is Proactive?

ANCESTOR VENERATION

 The practice of family members paying honor and respect

to their deceased relatives and ancestors.
 What is Proactive?

SONS OVER DAUGHTERS

 China involve laborious work so families prefer having son

rather than daughter
 China enforces one child policy; baby girls are thrown in
garbage dumps, rivers, wells, or abandoned
 What is Proactive?

GENDER INEQUALITY

 Shows the position of the woman as one subjugated to the

husband within the marriage
 The relation is used as an excuse to generate a culture of
gender inequalities that still exists to this day
End ;)
●
Resources
Abache, L. (2018). The Self as the Cognitive Construct. Prezi. Retrieved from
https://prezi.com/p/nnk7mcdfrh6a/the-self-as-the-cognitive-construct/

● Bacolod, R. (2018). REFLECTION ON THE SELF AS PROACTIVE AND AGENTIC. Retrieved from:
https://www.google.com/amp/s/ruelabacolod.home.blog/2018/10/31/reflection-on-the-self-as-proactive-and-
agentic/amp/

● Casupanan, L. (2019). The Self as Proactive and Agentic Puppet Show. Youtube. Retrieved from:
https://youtu.be/B9bRRnc9GVI

● Chan, S. (2018). Understanding the self - lecture 3 HAND-OUT. SlideShare. Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/shinpaiwa/understanding-the-self-lecture-3-handout

● Claudia F. Ideal Self vs. Real Self: Definition & Difference. Study.com. Retrieved from
https://study.com/academy/lesson/ideal-self-vs-real-self-definition-lesson-quiz.html#:~:text=The%20real%20
self %20can
%20be,we%20have%20learned%20and%20experienced.
●
Resources
Henriques, G. (2014). One Self or Many Selves? Understanding why we have a multiplicity of self-states.
Psychology Today. Retrieved from
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/theory-knowledge/201404/one-self-or-many-selves

● Rodriguez, R. (2019). Differences in Culture between East and West. Retrieved from:
https://www.scribd.com/presentation/421700116/East-vs-West

● Taylor, J. (2020). Module 5: The Agentic Self. Retrieved from:https://youtu.be/67Bq_NcBMHc

● Weinhold, B. (2012). How the False Self Gets Created. Barry & Janae Weinhold Resources for Creating an
Authentic Life. Retrieved from https://weinholds.org/how-the-false-self-gets-created/

● Woźniak, M. ( 2018). “I” and “Me”: The Self in the Context of Consciousness. frontiers. Cognition and
Philosophy Lab, Department of Philosophy, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. Retrieved
frohttps://www.frontiersin.org/ articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01656/full.
●
Resources
Zaman, T. (2018). Who Am I Really? True Self vs False Self. Growth Thru Change. Retrieved from
https://growththruchange.com/2018/03/06/really-true-self-vs-false-self/

● Retrieved from https://dirtsimple.org/2005/08/multiple-self.html

● Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_self_and_false_self