LECTURE NO.

Drilling machines, Nomenclature, Types,

Operations and Precautions

1
 LECTURE OBJECTIVES
To develop an understanding of:
 Drilling machines, Nomenclature
 Drill bit, Nomenclature
 Drilling machines types
 Drilling machine operations
 Precautions for Drilling machine

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 Drilling

» Drilling is the operation of producing circular hole in the

work-piece by using a rotating cutter called DRILL.

» The machine used for drilling is called drilling machine.

» The drilling operation can also be accomplished on lathe, in

which the drill is held in tailstock and the work is held by
the chuck.

» The most common drill used is the twist drill.

 Parts of Drilling Machine
VICE
Vice is a mechanical apparatus used to secure an object to allow work to be performed on it. Vises
have two parallel jaws, one fixed and the other movable, threaded in and out by a screw and lever.
SPINDLE
The spindle holds the drill or cutting tools and revolves in a fixed position in a sleeve. Chuck is
provided to hold the drill of different sizes
SLEEVE
The sleeve or quill assembly does not revolve but may slide in its bearing in a direction parallel to its
axis. When the sleeve carrying the spindle with a cutting tool is lowered, the cutting tool is fed into the
work: and when it’s moved upward, the cutting tool is withdrawn from the work. Feed pressure applied
to the sleeve by hand or power causes the revolving drill to cut its way into the work a fraction of an
mm per revolution.
COLUMN
The column is cylindrical in shape and built rugged and solid. The column supports the head and the
sleeve or quill assembly.
 Parts of Drilling Machine
HEAD
The head of the drilling machine is composed of the sleeve, a spindle, an electric motor and feed
mechanism. The head is bolted to the column. An electric motor supplies the required driving force to
pulley. Handle is provided to feed the drill into the work piece. A depth–stop mechanism is located on the
head, near the spindle, to aid in drilling to a precise depth.

WORKTABLE
The worktable is supported on an arm mounted to the column. The worktable can be adjusted vertically to
accommodate different heights of work or it can be swung completely out of the way. It may be tilted up to
90 degree in either direction, to allow long pieces to be end or angle drilled.
BASE
The base of the drilling machine supports the entire machine and when bolted to the floor, provides for
vibration-free operation and best machining accuracy. The top of the base is similar to the worktable and
may be equipped with T-slot for mounting work too larger for the table.
 Working principal of drilling machine

 The rotating edge of the drill exerts a

large force on the workpiece and the
hole is generated.

 The removal of metal in a drilling

operation is by shearing and extrusion.
 Nomenclature of Drill Tool

» A drill bit is a multi-point tool and typically has a pointed end.

» Flutes are incorporated to carry away the chips of metal and the outside

surface is relieved to produce a cutting edge along the leading side of each

flute.

Fit in chuck

Fit direct into spindle

Nomenclature of Drill Tool

Figure‑ Standard geometry of a twist drill

 Parts of twisted drill
Twist drill has three principal parts
(i) Drill point or dead center
(ii) Body
(iii) Shank
•Drill axis is the longitudinal line .
•Drill point is the sharpened end of the drill body consisting of all that part
which is shaped to produce lips, faces and chisel edge.
•Lip or cutting edge is the edge formed by the intersection of the flank and
face
•Lip length is the minimum distance between the outer corner and the
chisel-edge corner of the lip.
 Parts of twisted drill
Body is that portion of the drill which extends from the extreme cutting end to the
beginning of the shank.
Shank is that portion of the drill by which it is held and driven.
Flutes are the grooves in the body of the drill, which provide lips, allow the removal of
chips, and permit cutting fluid to reach the lips.
Flute length is the axial length from the extreme end of the point to the termination of the
flutes at the shank end of the body.
Heel is the edge formed by the intersection of the flute surface and the body clearance.
Body clearance is that portion of the body surface reduced in diameter to provide
diametric clearance
Margin
• Narrow, raised section on body of drill
 Parts of twisted drill
• Chisel edge is the edge formed by the intersection of the flanks.
• Flank is that surface on a drill point which extends behind the lip to the
following flute.
• Core or web
• Thin partition in center of drill, extends full length of flutes
• Forms chisel edge at cutting end of drill
• Lands are the cylindrically ground surfaces on the leading edges of the drill
flutes
 Lip Clearance

Lip Clearance is the relief ground on point of drill extending from cutting lips
back to the heel
 Drill Materials

Manufactured from three main materials

• Carbon-steel drills
• Cutting edges wear down quickly

• High-speed steel drills

• Cutting edges withstand at more heat and wear

• Cemented-carbide drills
• Operated at high speeds, withstand at higher heat, and can drill hard materials
 Types of drilling machine

 Portable drilling machine

 Bench drilling machine

 Radial drilling machine

 Pillar drilling machine

 Gang drilling machine

 Multiple drilling machine

 Portable drilling machine

 It is a small light weight, compact and self

contained unit that can drill holes upto 12.5 mm
diameter

 The machine is driven by a small electric motor

operating at high speed

 The machine is capable of drilling holes in the

workpiece in any position
 Bench drilling machine
 These are light duty machines used in small
workshops.

 Also called Sensitive drilling machines because of its

accurate and well balanced spindle
 Mounted on benches
 used to drill hole range 1mm to 15mm diameter
 The controls are light and delicate speeds from 800 to
900 rpm are typical range
 Radial Drilling Machine

 It the largest and most versatile used for drilling medium

to large and heavy work pieces.
 Holes up to 7.5 cm
 It can be radially adjusted around the column in any
position over the work to get different size and shapes of
work.
 The table is to be rotated through 360 deg.
 Gang Drilling Machine
 Consists of many independent columns, heads and spindles mounted
on a common base and using a single base table
 Various number of spindles may be used
 When drilling spindles are mounted on a single table, it is known as a
gang drill. (4 to 6 drills are mounted )
 Each of these spindles can be independently set for different speed
and depth of cut.
 Such machines are useful when number of holes of different sizes are
to be drilled on the same work piece.
 Apart from drilling, a number of other machining operations like
reaming, counter boring, tapping etc. can also be performed on the
machine.
 Multiple drilling machine

 Used where a number of holes

are to be drilled in a part in mass
production

 Such machines have multi

spindles drivers by a single head
and feed
 Tool-Holding Devices
» Drill chucks
» Drill sleeves
» Drill sockets

Drill chuck
 Most common devices used for holding straight-shank cutting tools
 Most contain three jaws that move simultaneously when outer sleeve turned
 Hold straight shank of cutting tool securely

Two common types

 Key
 Keyless
 Drill Sleeves and Sockets

Drill Sleeves
Used to adapt cutting tool shank to machine
spindle if taper on tool is smaller than tapered hole
in spindle
Drill Socket
Used when hole in spindle of drill press too small
for taper shank of drill
Also used as extension sockets
 Drilling machine operations

 Reaming

 Boring

 Counter boring

 Counter sinking

 Spot facing

 Tapping
 Reaming
 A reamer enters the workpiece axially and enlarges
an existing hole to the diameter of the tool.

 A reamer is a multi-point tool that has many flutes,

which may be straight or in a helix.

 Reaming removes a minimal amount of material

and is often performed after drilling to obtain both
a more accurate diameter and a smoother internal
finish.
 Counter boring

 A counterbore tool enlarges the top portion of an

existing hole to the diameter of the tool.
 Counterboring is often performed after drilling to
provide space for the head of a fastener, such as a
bolt, to sit flush with the workpiece surface.
 The counterboring tool has a pilot on the end to
guide it straight into the existing hole
 Counter sinking

 A countersink tool enlarges the top portion of an

existing hole to a cone-shaped opening.
 Countersinking is performed after drilling to provide
space for the head of a fastener, such as a screw,
to sit with the workpiece surface.
 Common included angles for a countersink include
60, 82, 90, 100, 118, and 120 degrees.
 Tapping

 Process of cutting internal threads with a

thread tool called as tap.

 Performed by hand or under power with

tapping attachment

 Done immediately after drilling operation

 Cutting speed is very slow.

 Spot facing

 It is a finishing operation to produce flat

round surface usually around a drilled hole,

for proper seating of bolt head or nut.

 It is done using a special spot facing tool.

Economical Drilling Speed Variables

• Type and hardness of material

• Diameter and material of drill Most important!
• Depth of hole
• Type and condition of drill press
• Efficiency of cutting fluid employed
• Accuracy and quality of hole required
 Drilling parameters
Cutting Speed
Speed of twist drill referred to as cutting speed, surface speed or peripheral
speed
Two important factors
• Diameter and material of cutting tool
• Type of material being cut
Feed
Distance drill advances into work for each revolution
Three factors govern rate of feed
• Diameter of drill
• Material of work piece
• Condition of drilling machine
Hard steels or alloys are drilled with slower feed and softer metals with
faster feed
 Drilling parameters
Cutting Speed (v)
It’s the peripheral speed of the drill
v = *D*N
Where D = diameter of the drill (m)
N = Speed of rotation (rpm)
Feed (f)
It’s the movement of drill along the axis (rpm)
Depth of Cut (d)
The distance from the machined surface to the drill axis
d=D/2
Material Removal Rate
It’s the volume of material removed by the drill per unit time
MRR = ( D2 / 4) * f * N (mm3 / min)
Machining Time (T)
It depends upon the length (l) of the hole to be drilled , to the Speed (N) and feed (f) of the drill
t = L / f N (min)
 Cutting Fluids
» Provide both cooling and lubrication

» Properties of an effective liquid in dissipating heat

 Able to absorb heat rapidly
 Have good resistance to evaporation
 Have high thermal conductivity

Oil: good lubricant, poor coolant

Water: best coolant, no lubricating value (promotes rust)

 Drilling Facts and Problems

» Excessive speed

» Excessive clearance

» Excessive feed

» Insufficient clearance

» Cutting lips with unequal angles

» Cutting lips with unequal in length

 Drilling Facts and Problems
 Excessive speed will cause wear at outer corners of drill
 Discoloration is warning sign of excess speed.
 Drilling Facts and Problems
 Excessive clearance results in lack of support behind cutting edge
with quick dulling and poor tool life.
 Clearance angle behind cutting lip for general purposes is 8º to 12º
 Drilling Facts and Problems
 Insufficient clearance causes the drill to rub behind the cutting
edge.
 It will make the drill work hard, generate heat, and increase end
thrust.
 This results in poor holes and drill breakage.
 Drilling Facts and Problems
 Excessive feed sets up abnormal end thrust, which causes
breakdown of chisel point and cutting lips.
 Drilling Facts and Problems

The web is the tapered central portion of the body that joins the lands.
 Drilling Facts and Problems
 Cutting lips with unequal angles will cause one cutting edge to work
harder than the other.
 This causes torsion strain, bell mouth holes, rapid dulling, and poor
tool life.
 Drilling Facts and Problems
Cutting lips unequal in length cause chisel point to be off center axis
and will drill holes oversize by approximately twice the amount of
eccentricity.
 Drilling Facts and Problems

 Loading and galling is caused by poor chip removal

with insufficient dissipation of heat so that material
anneals itself to the cutting edge and flute

 This condition frequently results from using wrong

drills for the job or inadequate cutting fluid
application.
 Factors Causing Premature Dulling of Drill

 Drill speed may be too high for hardness of material being cut

 Feed may be too heavy and overload cutting lips

 Feed may be too light and cause lips to scrape rather than cut

 May be hard spots or scale on work surface

 Finish on lips may be poor

 Characteristics of a Properly Ground
Drill

 Length of both cutting lips equal

 Angle of both cutting lips be the same

 Lips should be free from wear

 No sign of wear on margin

Note: Re-sharpen the drill if it does not meet all of these requirements.
 Precautions for Drilling machine
 Lubrication is important to remove heat and friction.
 Machines should be cleaned after use
 Machines should be lightly oiled to prevent from rusting
 Do not support the work piece by hand – use work holding device.
 Use brush to clean the chips
 No adjustments while the machine is operating
 Ensure for the cutting tools running straight before starting the
operation.
 Never place tools on the drilling table
 Avoid loose clothing and protect the eyes.
Thank you!