STRESS Vs STRAIN

Stress is the force applied to a material, divided by the material’s cross-sectional area. 

Strain is the deformation or displacement of material that results from an applied stress.
Stress-Strain diagram

Figure 1. This diagram provides valuable information about how much force a material can withstand
before permanent deformation or failure occurs.
ELASTIC DEFORMATION

 The slope of the stress-strain curve is referred to as the modulus of elasticity (aka Young’s modulus),
denoted E.

The modulus of elasticity is essentially a measure of stiffness and is one of the factors used to calculate
a material’s deflection under load.
PLASTIC DEFORMATION

 Plastic deformation of ductile ceramics at room temperature, and of low temperature brittle ceramics at
elevated temperatures, produce slip marks due to the advance of dislocations.  If this plastic deformation
is large, it blunts the crack tip and toughens the ceramics
PLASTIC DEFORMATION

Yield Strength σy . The stress determined by drawing a line parallel to the linear part of the stress-strain
curve at some specified strain offset. It is expressed in terms of the yield stress, σ o when this relationship
was deduced, it applied to a situation where the grains deformed by plastic deformation GBs acted as
barriers to dislocation motion.

Tensile Strength. Tensile Test is most common used procedure in metals, but it is not used as
widely for ceramics because of their inherent brittleness. The maximum tensile stress in the surface of
the beam when it breaks is called the modulus of rupture (MOR), σr For an elastic beam, it is related to
the maximum moment in the beam, M.

where W is the height of the beam, and B is its thickness.

PLASTIC DEFORMATION
Having low ductility is the most characteristics of the ceramic materials. Ductility is an indication of
how much plastic strain a material can withstand before it breaks. A ductile material can withstand large
strains even after it has begun to yield.

where Lf is the final length of the specimen after break and Lo is the initial length of the specimen. 
PLASTIC DEFORMATION
The Modulus of Resilience is the amount of strain energy per unit volume (i.e. strain energy density) that
a material can absorb without permanent deformation resulting.

where σel and εel are the stress and strain at the elastic limit, Sty is the tensile yield strength, and E is the
elastic modulus.
PLASTIC DEFORMATION

The modulus of toughness is the amount of strain energy per unit volume (i.e. strain energy density) that
a material can absorb just before it fractures. The modulus of toughness is calculated as the area under
the stress-strain curve up to the fracture point. Ceramics generally have a low degree of
Toughness.

where Sty is the tensile yield strength, Stu is the tensile ultimate strength, εy is the strain at yield, εu is
the ultimate strain (total strain at failure), and E is the elastic modulus.

Ceramics generally have a low degree of Toughness. for increasing the strength and toughness of
ceramics by utilizing the tetragonal to monoclinic phase transformation induced by the presence of a
stress field ahead of a crack.
PLASTIC DEFORMATION

Hardness. There are different types of hardness. Because the value of a material’s hardness depends
on how it is tested. The hardness of a material is its resistance to the formation of a permanent surface
impression by an indenter. You also see it defined as resistance of a material to deformation, scratching,
and erosion. Most common used of determining the hardness is the Mohs’ hardness Scale.