In The Name Of ALLAHThe Most Beneficent, The Most Merciful

RADAR System

PRESENTATION ON ;
 Presented by;
KHURAM SHAHZAD 1450-116009
AMJAD ALI 1450-116002
MSC ELECTRONICS
Subject;
Microwave engineering
Presented to:

And dear fellows

Continue from…

Start Duplexer
What is Radar?
 RADAR (Radio Detection And Ranging).

 It is a way to detect and study far off targets by

transmitting a radio pulse in the direction of the
target and observing the reflection of the wave.

 It’s basically radio echo.

 wave)
(Ec ho
and we use it to study
nature and remote
sensing of targets, its
velocity &
Characteristics
Radar observations
Target range
 Target size
 Target angles
 Target speed
 Target features (imaging)
Radar Types
Primary Radar
 A Primary Radar transmits high-frequency signals
toward the targets. The transmitted pulses are
reflected by the target and then received by the same
radar. The reflected energy or the echoes are further
processed to extract target information.
Secondary Radar
 Work with active answer signals.
 Uses a transponder on the airborne target/object. The
ground unit, called interrogator, transmits coded
pulses (after modulation) towards the target.
 The transponder on the airborne object receives the
pulse, decodes it, induces the coder to prepare the
suitable answer, and then transmits the interrogated
information back to the ground unit.
 The interrogator/ground unit demodulates the answer.
 The information is displayed on the display of the
primary radar.
Secondary Radar
 This isn't simply reflected, but received by the target
by means of a transponder which receives and
processes.
 After this the target answers at another frequency.
Various kinds of information like, the identity of
aircraft, position of aircraft, etc. are interrogated using
the secondary radar.
Secondary Radar

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Continuous Wave Radar
 CW radars continuously transmit a high-frequency
signal
 The reflected energy is also received and processed
continuously.
 These radars have to ensure that the transmitted
energy doesn’t leak into the receiver (feedback
connection).
Pulsed Radar
 Transmits high power, high-frequency pulses toward
the target.
 Waits for the echo of the transmitted signal.
 Choice of pulse repetition frequency decides the
range of the radar.
 Target Range can be determined from the measured
antenna position and time-of-arrival of the reflected
signal.
Unmodulated CW Radar

 The transmitted signal of these equipments is constant

in amplitude and frequency.
 CW radar transmitting unmodulated power can
measure the speed only by using the Doppler-effect.
 It cannot measure a range and it cannot differ
between two reflecting objects.
Modulated CW Radar
 Modulated CW radars uses the frequency shifting
method.
 If the target is moving, Doppler frequency shift which
can be used to find if target is approaching or
receding.
 On examining the received reflected frequencies (and
with the knowledge of the transmitted frequency),
range calculation can be done.
Doppler Radar
 Use Doppler effect to produce velocity data about
objects at a distance.
 It does this by bouncing a microwave signal of a
desired target.
 Analyze how the object's motion has altered the
frequency of the returned signal.
 This variation gives direct and highly accurate
measurements of a target's velocity relative to the
radar.
Doppler Effect

Motion Away
Echo Frequency Decreases

Motion Towards
Echo Frequency Increases

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 Adv/Disadv.
 Capable of giving accurate measurements of velocities.
 More accurate.
 Lower power consumption.
 Smaller in size.
 More quick processing because receiver is ON at all
time.

B U T
 It can’t measure Range of moving targets due to
continuous change in receiving frequency.
Essential Requirements
Block Diagram

Local
Osc

Indicator
 Synchronizer
keyer, Pulse Repetition
 Also called timer,
Triger generator, Frequency (PRF)
pulser. Frequency at
Generates a series of which consecutive
narrow timing pulses pulse are
at pulse repition transmitted.
frequency. Pulse Repetition
Indicator also
Time (PRT=1/PRF)
synchronized to Timer.
 Synchronizer
 It is Heart of a RADAR
system because it
Function
provides timing for
operation of the entire
system. Its function is to
produce trigger
pulses that start
transmitter,
indicator & Ranging
circuits.
 Transmitter
 Transmit the short duration high-power rf pulses of
energy that are transmitted into space by the antenna.

  It can be a power amplifier like a Klystron, Travelling

Wave Tube or a power Oscillator like a Magnetron.

 The signal is first generated using a waveform

generator and then amplified in the power amplifier.
 Duplexer
 The duplexer alternately
switches the antenna
between the transmitter
and receiver so that only
one antenna need be used.
 This switching is necessary
because the high-power
pulses of the transmitter
would destroy the receiver
if energy were allowed to Transmitter Receiver
enter the receiver.
 Receiver
 The receivers amplify
and demodulate the
received RF-signals. The
receiver provides video
signals on the output.
 Antenna
 The Antenna transfers  In most RADAR systems,
the transmitter energy to a single antenna is used
signals in space in for both the transmitting
required direction and receiving.
efficiently.
 The antenna system is
highly directional and is
usually capable of
rotating in azimuth
(horizontal) or in vertical
plane or both.
Antenna Types
Introducing two types of
antenna

 Reflector mirror antenna

 Array antenna
Reflector Antenna
Array Antenna
 Composed of multiple
element arrays.
 Advantages of array
antenna are to enable
beam scanning without
changing the looking
angle of each array
antenna.
 Used for beam scanning
purpose.
 How it possible?

By changing phase and introducing delay

Beam Scanning
Antenna
 Indicators
 Should present to the observer a continuous, easily
understandable, graphic picture of the relative
position of radar targets.
 The radar screen (in this case a PPI-scope) displays the
produced from the echo signals bright blibs.
 The longer the pulses were delayed by the runtime, the
further away from the center of this radar scope they
are displayed.
 The direction of the deflection on this screen is that in
which the antenna is currently pointing.
Indicators
Type A

Type B

Type C

PPI
 Type A
 In A type display, signal
and echo strength is
indicated by vertical
displacement and range

Intensity
by horizontal
displacement.
Range
 Type B
 It gives range and
azimuth signals.
 The range is distance and
azimuth is direction in

Range
terms of angles.

Azimuth
 Type C
 Location of target is
shown as Elevation and
azimuth(left or right).

Elevation
 Basically used in
aircrafts to show the
position of target that is
being approached.
 It does not shows the
Azimuth
distance.
 PPI
Plane Position Indicator

 PPI display presents a

place of the position of
all objects located within
a circular area of which
the arial array is the
center.

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 PPI
 A pair of coil is mounted
on the opposite side of
neck of tube so that
magnetic deflection is
used.
 PPI
A saw-tooth wave is
applied to these coils for
scanning purpose.
 The coils are fitted on a
yoke that is mechanically
rotated at the same
angular velocity as the
antenna. Hence the
beam is not only
deflected but also rotates
around the tube.
RADAR frequency bands
Radar Bands Frequency(GHz) Max peak
Power(MW)
UHF 0.3-1 5
L 1-1.5 30
S 1.5-3.9 25
C 3.9-8 15
X 8-12.5 10
Ku 12.5-18 2
For Lab/Research use

K 18-26.5 0.6
Ka 26.5-40 0.25
V 40-80 0.12
N 80-170 0.01
A > 170 -
Applications

Used in variety of tasks

 Tracking of Aircrafts.
Search sea for enemy ships.
 Contribute greatly to the safety of air and sea
travel.
 Radar equipped ships move through fog without
danger of colliding with other.
Used for weather forecasting.
Applications

 Radar information is used in large guns and

Antiaircraft weapons.
 Aid air and sea navigation.
Used in Instrument Landing System(ILS).
For listening

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