Electronics 3: Audio, Video, and Lighting On Set

AUDIO VIDEO AND LIGHTING ON SET
PHOTO HERE
STUDENT NAME: NAOMI SUÑGA

STUDENT NUMBER: 1811394
Electronics 3: Electronic Systems and Design

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LIGHTING

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What is Light?
Light, or Visible Light, commonly refers

to electromagnetic radiation that can be
detected by the human eye. The entire
electromagnetic spectrum is extremely
broad, ranging from low energy radio
waves with wavelengths that are
measured in meters, to high energy
gamma rays with wavelengths that are
less than 1 x 10-11 meters.
Electromagnetic radiation, as the name
suggests, describes fluctuations of
electric and magnetic fields,
transporting energy at the Speed of
Light (which is ~ 300,000 km/sec
through a vacuum).

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Visible light is not inherently different from the other parts of the
electromagnetic spectrum, with the exception that the human eye can detect
visible waves. This in fact corresponds to only a very narrow window of the
electromagnetic spectrum, ranging from about 400nm for violet light through
to 700nm for red light. Radiation lower than 400nm is referred to as Ultra-
Violet (UV) and radiation longer than 700nm is referred to as Infra-Red (IR),
neither of which can be detected by the human eye.
Figure 1: The Electromagnetic Spectrum

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The Color Temperature chart
illustrates the range of
colors generated by both
inside (artificial) and outside
(natural sunlight) lighting.
Values falling below 3500 K
are generally considered to
be in the "tungsten" range
and neutral colors viewed
under this illumination often
appear more red that they do
under natural daylight.

Figure 3: Color Temperature R.A. ALIMUIN
Blackbody Radiation is a term
used to describe the
relationship between an
object's temperature, and
the wavelength of
electromagnetic radiation it
emits. A black body is an
idealized object that absorbs
all electromagnetic radiation
it comes in contact with. It
then emits thermal radiation
in a continuous spectrum
according to its temperature.
Figure 2: Black Body Radiation

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Color Rendering Index (CRI) is a way to measure a light
source's distinctive attributes. It is an assessment of
how the light source shows object colors "naturally"
when compared to a familiar basis of reference, either
incandescent light or daylight. The color rendering index (CRI) is
measured as a number between 0
and 100. At zero (0), all colors look
the same. A CRI of 100 shows the
true colors of the object.
Incandescent and halogen light
sources have a CRI of 100.
CRI is independent of color
temperature. These are two
different things. For example, a
5000K (daylight color temperature)
fluorescent light source could have
Figure 3: Differing CRIs a CRI of 75, but another 5000K
fluorescent light source can have a
This picture is a good depiction of differing CRIs, with each
CRI of 90.
image having the same warm color temperature (2700K).

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Luminous Flux is a measure of
the total amount of visible
light emitted by a lamp. It's
different from the radiant
flux. It is the amount of light
that the human eye senses.
It reflects the sensitivity of
the human eye by weighting
each wavelength with a
luminosity function. So that
it is the weighted sum of all
wavelengths of power in the
visible light band, excluding
infrared and ultraviolet.

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The SI Unit of Luminous Flux is the lumen (lm). The lumen is defined in relation to
the candela which is the unit of luminous intensity as,
1 lm = 1 cd ⋅ sr
When the luminous angle of a light source is one solid angle and the luminous flux is
1 lumen, its luminous intensity is 1 candela. When the luminous flux of a light source
is also 1 lumen, but the luminous angle becomes 1/2 solid angle, the luminous
intensity of this light source is considered to be 2 candelas.

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Illuminance is the total
luminous flux of light
incident per unit area. In
other words, luminous flux
represents the total amount
of light emitted by the
source, while illuminance
refers to the total amount of
light received by an object.

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The SI Unit of illuminance is the lux (lx). It is equal to one lumen per square meter.
1 lx = 1 lm/m2 = 1 cd·sr/m2
In photography, there is also a non-metric unit of illumination, foot-candle. Foot-

candle means "the illumination of a candle source on a surface one foot away.“
Thus, one foot-candle is equal to one lumen per square foot or about 10 lux.

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Light in the Industry

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The concept of color temperature is very
important in the PHOTOGRAPHY arena,
where film emulsions must be balanced to
accurately render color using different
light sources.

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Street Lights, Security Lighting,
Parking Garages
This is one application where efficiency is typically
the priority over color temperature. Our preference is
3000-4000K, but cooler color temperatures in 4000-
5000K+ range tend to be most common.

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Warmer color temperatures also tend to work
well in Quick-Serve Restaurants, but not quite as
warm as high-end restaurants. Consider
lighting in the 2700K to 3500K range.
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Cooler color temperatures (3500K to
5000K) are good for setting a clean crisp
atmosphere and creating alertness in a
Hospitals.
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AUDIO

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What is a Sound?
Sound is simply a type of energy

vibrating through a medium (such as air
or water); this energy, within a specific
range of frequencies, is interpreted by
the human ear as sound.
Sound is made up of three basic

elements:
Frequency: how fast the vibrations are

occurring.
Intensity: how loud the sound is.
Timbre: the sound's quality.

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The human ear can detect sound frequencies
ranging from 20 to 20,000 Hz. However, the human
ear is more sensitive to (i.e. able to discern at
lowest intensity) frequencies ranging between
2,000 and 5,000 Hz (see Hearing Range -
Wikipedia). Recall that Hertz (Hz) is a unit defined
as cycles per second.
A sound's intensity corresponds to the amount of

energy associated with that sound. The decibel
(dB) is used for measuring the sound's energy in a
way that is relevant to how humans perceive
loudness.
The figure shows a variety of sounds and their dB

intensity measurement.

Figure 4: Noise Thermometer R.A. ALIMUIN
In the context of audio, the decibel is defined as follows:
dB = 10 log10 (I/I0)
where
I = the measured intensity (W/m2).

I0 = 10-12 W/m2, which represents the lowest sound intensity detectable by the
human ear.

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The Microphone is responsible
for converting changes in
sound pressure to changes in
electric current. The intensity
of the changes in sound
pressure corresponds to the
AC voltage amplitude
generated by the microphone.
Likewise, the frequency of the

changes in sound pressure
corresponds to the frequency
of the AC voltage. Obviously, if
any overtones are present,
they too are present in the
electrical signal generated by
the microphone.

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Three common types of microphones are the following:
• Dynamic
• Condenser
• Electret dB = 10 log10 (I/I0)

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The Dynamic Microphone consists
of a plastic diaphragm, a voice
coil, and a permanent magnet.
When varying sound pressure

is applied to the diaphragm,
the voice coil moves back and
forth through the magnet's
magnetic field, resulting in a
voltage across the leads of the
voice coil. Hence, the sound
pressure is converted to a
voltage signal.
Figure 5: Dynamic Microphone

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The Condenser Microphone uses a
pair of charged plates that can be
brought closer together or forced
farther apart by changes in air
pressure (i.e., sound).
In doing so, the charged plates

act like a sound-sensitive
capacitor. This type of
microphone works in conjunction
with a low-noise, high-impedance
amplifier.
Figure 6: Condenser Microphone

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An Electret Microphone is actually a
microphone and a JFET in a single
package. The gate of the JFET
provides a very high impedance and
thus ensures that the charge on the
electret element remains fixed. The
charge must remain fixed to ensure
that changes in capacitance (caused
by sound waves) result in voltage
changes. The JFET also converts the
varying (gate) voltage into varying
(drain-source) current. While the
electret element itself does not
require power (because its
permanently charged) the overall
electret microphone device requires a
power supply because the integrated
JFET needs bias current.
Figure 7: Electret Microphone

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Speakers convert electrical signals into
audible (sound) signals.
The dynamic speaker, which uses the

same operating principles as the
dynamic microphone, is the most
popular speaker used today. When a
varying electrical signal (current) is
channeled through a moveable coil
(voice coil) surrounded by a magnet,
the coil moves back and forth. Cones
(often made of paper) attached to the
moving coil then produce variations in
air pressure (i.e., sound waves) that
correspond to the electrical signal
driven through the speaker coil.
Electronics 3: Electronic Systems and Design Figure 8: Parts of a Dynamic Speaker

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Speakers can be categorized
according to the frequency range that
they are designed for:
Woofers: speakers designed

specifically for low frequencies (less
than 200 Hz).
Midrange: speakers designed to
accommodate frequencies ranging
from 500 Hz to 3000 Hz.
Tweeter: a dedicated speaker type
specifically designed to handle
frequencies above those of midrange
speakers.
Full-range speakers: capable of handling
frequencies ranging from 100 Hz to
15,000 Hz.
Figure 9: Three-Way Speaker System

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An Amplifier (or power amp) is an
electronic amplifier that amplifies
low-power electronic audio
signals such as the signal from
radio receiver or electric guitar
pickup to a level that is high
enough for driving loudspeakers
or headphones.
Audio amplifier have three types

of classification:
• Preamplifier
• Low-power amplifier
• Power amplifier

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An Audio Preamplifier (often shortened to
"pre-amp") is an electronic device
that amplifies a very weak signal
from a microphone, as an example,
into signals strong enough to
manipulate.
Pre-amps are often simple, fixed-gain

amplifiers designed specifically for
low-noise performance.
Figure 9: Audio Pre-Amplifier

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Low-Power Amplifier is often used to
manipulate signals including such
aspects as volume and frequency
equalization. This type of amplifier
generally focuses on changing the
character of the signal in desired ways
while introducing as little unwanted
distortion as possible and may provide
little to no actual power amplification.
Figure 10: Low-Power Amplifier

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An Audio Power Amplifier ("power
amp") is used to increase the signal
power so as to drive a load, such as
output speakers. Similar to pre-
amps, power amps are often fixed
gain (in terms of signal amplitude)
so that designers can focus on
high-power gain and the power
handling challenges that typically
result.
Figure 11: Audio Power Amplifier

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Audio in the Industry

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Dynamic Microphone are widely used in
applications such as Public Address and high-
quality recording.

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Condenser Microphones are known for providing
crisp, low-noise sound and are used for producing High-
Quality Sound Recordings.

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Older Electret Microphones were known to
deliver poor performance, but modern devices
can compete with condenser microphones
which was used in Hearing Aids, Cellphones, etc.
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Audio power amplifiers are found in all manner
of sound systems including sound
reinforcement, public address and Home Audio
systems and Musical Instrument amplifiers like Guitar
Electronics 3: Electronic Systems and Design Amplifiers.
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VIDEO

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What is a Video?
Video is an electronic medium for the

recording, copying, playback,
broadcasting, and display of moving
visual media. Video was first developed
for mechanical television systems,
which were quickly replaced by cathode
ray tube systems which were later
replaced by flat panel displays of several
types.

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High Definition Television (or HD)
has up to five times the
resolution of standard
definition either 1280x720p
or 1920x1080p.
A higher resolution picture

has more lines and is much
sharper, colorful and more
detailed. It’s no surprise
stars were worried their
flaws and wrinkles would be
more visible with the advent
of HD TV.

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All the major manufactures make Smart
TVs. The interfaces are different (the
above is LG's webOS), but all include
apps you can use to stream content or
use extra features. These include free
TV on demand apps BBC iPlayer or
4OD, subscription services like Netflix,
or social networks like Facebook and
Twitter.

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Television, a system for
transmitting visual images
and sound that are
reproduced on screens,
chiefly used to broadcast
programs for entertainment,
information, and education,
the electronic delivery of
moving images and sound
from a source to a receiver.

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LED TV
Edge-lit panels have lamps around the
edge of the screen allowing them to be
thinner and more energy efficient.
Back-lit panels have LEDs all over the
back of the screen, which means the
picture should be more consistent,
although they are more expensive.

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OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) TV
sets are a variation on LED, but
without a backlight. This allows
them to be staggeringly thin – as
little as 1mm deep.
Each pixel lights up individually, so

when they are switched off blacks
are exceptionally deep. OLED
panels have a response time 1000x
faster than LED, which is great for
fast-moving sports.
OLED is also physically flexible, LG

created a screen that rolls up. This
could dramatically change the way a
home TV looks, opening up the
possibility of curved sets and even
screens that can be peeled off the
wall.
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Ultra HD or 4K refers to a set with a
minimum resolution of 3840×2160 - four
times as many pixels as Full HD and
eight times as many as SD.
The advantage of such a high

resolution is in the amount of detail you
will be able to see. From the petals of a
flower in a nature programme to beads
of sweat on a footballer’s face, pictures
will be incredibly realistic and close to
real life.
More Ultra HD/4K content is becoming

available to watch. BT Sport launched
the first Live Sport 4K channel at 50fps,
which means sharper, blur-free images.
Netflix subscribers can watch
favourites in Ultra HD and BT has an
Ultra HD set-top box.
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TV Graphics used to be limited to
whatever you could photograph with a
video camera.
Most graphics used in TV programming

are computer generated and range all
the way from displaying the name of the
person being interviewed to totally
realistic backgrounds and settings.

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Titling, in much the same way that you
can use a word processor to create
text on a computer screen you can use
a character generator (CG) to create
text on a television screen.
In both types, graphics are normally

created a screen at a time and stored
as electronic pages. These pages can
be recalled manually or automatically
in any sequence.
Electronic pages can also be combined

in layers or cells.
This means that one or more images —
backgrounds, photos, product logos
(identifying symbols), text, etc.— can
be electronically placed on top of each
other to build rich, multi-layered
graphics.
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Image editors can be divided into two main categories:
• Paint Programs
• Image Processors
Almost all are based on software designed to run on computers.

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Paint or Drawing Programs are primarily designed
to create new art drawing program work.
Although in some cases you might want to
start with some scanned artwork and build on
that, these programs contain all of the tools
necessary to create complete images.
By scanned artwork we are referring to

pictures and graphics that have been copied
by a digital camera or flatbed scanner (similar
to a photocopy machine), digitized, and then
stored in a computer for use. (Be careful about
copying and disseminating copyrighted
materials; you can get into legal trouble.)
Paint programs have become so sophisticated

that they can even simulate the brush strokes
of famous painters such as Monet and Van
Gogh.

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Image Processors (or image
processing programs) are
primarily designed to work with
existing images such as scanned
photos.
Image processors such as -

Adobe's Photoshop program can
emulate all photographic
darkroom effects, including
lightening and darkening portions
of the image, altering contrast,
changing color balance, reversing
polarity (the tonal scale), and
combining images.

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In Weather Graphics System, somewhere within this
mix are the graphics systems that create the
elaborate, animated weather graphics we
regularly see on TV.
At most TV stations those doing the on-air

weather are responsible for programming this
computer.
Most broadcast weather systems have a

constant connection with various sources of
information, often including the station's own
weather radar system.
In some cases, while the weathercaster is on

the air, changes in temperature, wind speed,
etc. can be updated on the screen in real time.

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Video in the Industry

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Advertisements, Marketing Strategies, Commercials,
etc.

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Movie Industry/Film Industry

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Video Game Industry Electronics 3: Electronic Systems and Design
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Social Media Platforms,
Social Industry
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Medical Industry

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Weather Forecast/
Graphics System

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References:
https://andor.oxinst.com/learning/view/article/what-is-light
https://lco.global/spacebook/light/black-body-
radiation/#:~:text=A%20black%20body%20is%20an,are
%20different%20colors%20of%20stars.
https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-
resource/primer/lightandcolor/colortemp/
http://www.westinghouselighting.com/lighting-
education/color-rendering-index-cri.aspx
https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/technical-
articles/introduction-audio-electronics-sound-microphones-
speakers-amplifiers/
https://www.cybercollege.com/tvp026.htm
https://home.bt.com/tech-gadgets/tv/hd-4k-3d-modern-
technology-breakthroughs-in-tv-television-11364044750825

R.A. ALIMUIN

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AUDIO VIDEO AND LIGHTING ON SET

STUDENT NAME: NAOMI SUÑGA

Electronics 3: Electronic Systems and Design

Electronics 3: Electronic Systems and Design

Light, or Visible Light, commonly refers

Electronics 3: Electronic Systems and Design

Figure 1: The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Electronics 3: Electronic Systems and Design

Electronics 3: Electronic Systems and Design

Figure 2: Black Body Radiation

Electronics 3: Electronic Systems and Design

Electronics 3: Electronic Systems and Design

Electronics 3: Electronic Systems and Design

Electronics 3: Electronic Systems and Design

Electronics 3: Electronic Systems and Design

1 lx = 1 lm/m2 = 1 cd·sr/m2

In photography, there is also a non-metric unit of illumination, foot-candle. Foot-

Electronics 3: Electronic Systems and Design

Electronics 3: Electronic Systems and Design

Electronics 3: Electronic Systems and Design

Electronics 3: Electronic Systems and Design

Electronics 3: Electronic Systems and Design

Sound is simply a type of energy

Sound is made up of three basic

Frequency: how fast the vibrations are

Electronics 3: Electronic Systems and Design

A sound's intensity corresponds to the amount of

The figure shows a variety of sounds and their dB

Electronics 3: Electronic Systems and Design

I = the measured intensity (W/m2).

Electronics 3: Electronic Systems and Design

Likewise, the frequency of the

Electronics 3: Electronic Systems and Design

Electronics 3: Electronic Systems and Design

When varying sound pressure

Figure 5: Dynamic Microphone

In doing so, the charged plates

Figure 6: Condenser Microphone

Electronics 3: Electronic Systems and Design

The dynamic speaker, which uses the

Electronics 3: Electronic Systems and Design Figure 8: Parts of a Dynamic Speaker

Woofers: speakers designed

Figure 9: Three-Way Speaker System

Electronics 3: Electronic Systems and Design

Audio amplifier have three types

Electronics 3: Electronic Systems and Design

Pre-amps are often simple, fixed-gain

Figure 9: Audio Pre-Amplifier

Electronics 3: Electronic Systems and Design

Figure 10: Low-Power Amplifier

Electronics 3: Electronic Systems and Design

Figure 11: Audio Power Amplifier

Electronics 3: Electronic Systems and Design

Electronics 3: Electronic Systems and Design

Electronics 3: Electronic Systems and Design

Electronics 3: Electronic Systems and Design

Electronics 3: Electronic Systems and Design

Video is an electronic medium for the