VALIDITY

AND
RELIABILITY

MUHAMMAD HASSAN
MSE-17F-011
VALIDITY
Page # 1
• The word "valid" is derived from the Latin
validus, meaning strong.

Page # 2 3
 DEFINITION:

• Validity implies the amount to which the

research instrument measures, what it is
intended to measure.

Page # 3
 TYPES OF VALIDITY:

• Internal Validity
• External Validity
• Construct Validity
• Content Validity
• Face Validity
• Criterion Validity
• Concurrent Validity
• Predictive Validity
Page # 4
 INTERNAL VALIDITY:

• Internal validity refers to the validity of the

measurement and test itself

Page # 5
 EXTERNAL VALIDITY:

• External validity refers to the ability to

generalize the findings to the target
population.

Page # 6
 CONSTRUCT VALIDITY:

• A type of a validation that refers to a

measure of the extent to which a test
measures a hypothetical and
unobservable variable or quality.

Page # 7
 CONTENT VALIDITY:

• A type of validation that refers to the

relationship between a test and the
instructional objectives

Page # 8
 EXAMPLE:

• If test anxiety is thought to include both

nervous feelings and negative thoughts,
then any measure of test anxiety should
cover both of these aspects.

Page # 9
 FACE VALIDITY:

• It is the extent to which the measurement

method appears “on its face” to measure
the construct of interest.

Page # 10
 EXAMPLE:

• People might have negative reactions to

an intelligence test that did not appear to
them to be measuring their intelligence.

Page # 11
 CRITERION VALIDITY:

• It is the extent to which people’s scores

are correlated with other variables or
criteria that reflect the same construct.

Page # 12
 EXAMPLE:

• An IQ test should correlate positively with

school performance.

Page # 13
 CONCURRENT VALIDITY:

• A type of validation that requires the

correlation of the predicator or the
concurrent measure with the criterion
measure. The higher the validity
coefficient, the better the validity evidence
of the test.

Page # 14
 PREDICTIVE VALIDITY:

• Extent to which a person’s current test

results can be used to estimate accurately
what that person’s performance or other
criterion, such as test scores will be at the
later time.

Page # 15
RELIABILITY

Page # 16
 DEFINITION:

• The ability of a measurement tool to yield

consistent results over time or under
similar conditions.
• Reliability refers to how consistently data
are collected (Lee 2004)

Page # 17
 Types:

• Inter-rater
• Test-retest
• Parallel-forms
• Internal consistency

Page # 18
 INTER-RATER:
(Different people, same test)

• When multiple people are giving

assessments of some kind or are the
subjects of some test, then similar people
should lead to the same resulting scores.
It can be used to calibrate people, for
example those being used as observers in
an experiment.

Page # 19
 EXAMPLE:

• Two people may be asked to categorize

pictures of animals as being dogs or cats.
A perfectly reliable result would be that
they both classify the same pictures in the
same way.

Page # 20
 TEST-RETEST:
(same people, different times)

• An assessment or test of a person should

give the same results whenever you apply
the test.

Page # 21
 EXAMPLE:

• In the development of national school

tests, a class of children are given several
tests that are intended to assess the same
abilities. A week and a month later, they
are given the same tests. With allowances
for learning, the variation in the test and
retest results are used to assess which
tests have better test-retest reliability.
Page # 22
 PARALLEL-FORMS:
(Different people, same time, different test.)

• When a group of people complete two similar

versions of an instrument. Each version of the
instrument is trying to measure the same thing.
Then, the results from the two versions are
compared in order to determine the consistency of
the results between the similar version of an
instrument.

Page # 23
 EXAMPLE:

• In development of national tests, two

different tests are simultaneously used in
trials. The test that gives the most
consistent results is used, whilst the other
(provided it is sufficiently consistent) is
used as a backup.

Page # 24
 INTERNAL CONSISTENCY:
(Different questions, same construct)

• Internal consistency reliability evaluates

individual questions in comparison with
one another for their ability to give
consistently appropriate results.

Page # 25
 REFERENCES:
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validity_(statistics)
• Book References: • Concepcion, Benjamin et. al. (2011). Licensure Examination for
Teachers, 2011 Edition. Sampaloc, Manila: MET Reviewer Publishing House. •
Reganit, Arnulfo, Ed. D. et. al. (2010).
• Assessment of Student Learning I (Cognitive Learning). C & E Publishing,
Inc.Internet Sources: • Types of validity, retrieved on December 5, 2012 from
http://changingminds.org/explanations/research/design/types_validity.html • Miller,
Ph.D., 
• http://changingminds.org/explanations/research/design/types_reliability.htm

Page # 26
THANK YOU