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Image Enhancement in The Frequency Domain
Image Enhancement in The Frequency Domain
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Chapter 4
Image Enhancement in the
Frequency Domain
Background
Background
for u 0,1,2,..., M 1
1
where F (u ) R (u ) I (u )
2 2 2 (magnitude or spectrum)
I (u )
(u ) tan 1
(phase angle or phase spectrum)
R(u )
– R(u): the real part of F(u)
– I(u): the imaginary part of F(u)
• Power spectrum:
2
P(u ) F (u ) R 2 (u ) I 2 (u )
1
F (u, v) R (u , v) I (u, v)
2 2 2 ( spectrum)
I (u, v)
(u, v) tan 1 (phase angle)
R (u, v)
2
P (u,v) F (u, v) R 2 (u , v) I 2 (u , v) (power spectrum)
shift
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
The Two-Dimensional DFT and Its Inverse
The Property of Two-Dimensional DFT
Rotation
DFT
DFT
The Property of Two-Dimensional DFT
Linear Combination
A
DFT
B
DFT
0.25 * A
+ 0.75 * B
DFT
The Property of Two-Dimensional DFT
Expansion
A
DFT
B DFT
Rectangle
Its DFT
Two-Dimensional DFT with Different Functions
Impulses
Its DFT
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com
Lowpass filter
Highpass filter
• Convolution theorem:
– The discrete convolution of two functions f(x,y) and h(x,y)
of size MXN is defined as
M 1 N 1
1
f ( x, y ) h ( x, y )
MN
f (m, n)h( x m, y n)
m 0 n 0
s( x, y) A ( x x , y y ) As( x , y )
x 0 y 0
0 0 0 0
M 1 N 1
s( x, y) ( x, y) s(0,0)
x 0 y 0
where ( x, y ) : a unit impulse located at the origin
• The Fourier transform of a unit impulse at the origin (Eq.
(4.2-35)) : 1 M 1 N 1 1
F (u, v)
MN
j 2 ( ux / M vy / N )
( x, y )e
x 0 y 0
MN
1
h ( x, y )
MN
• Combine Eqs. (4.2-35) (4.2-36) with Eq. (4.2-31), we obtain
f ( x, y ) h( x, y ) F (u , v) H (u , v)
( x, y ) h( x, y ) ( x, y ) H (u , v)
1 1
h ( x, y ) H (u , v)
MN MN
h( x, y ) H (u , v)
• The simplest lowpass filter is a filter that “cuts off” all high-
frequency components of the Fourier transform that are at a
distance greater than a specified distance D0 from the origin of
the transform.
• The transfer function of an ideal lowpass filter
1 if D(u , v) D0
H (u , v)
0 if D(u, v) D0
where D(u,v) : the distance from point (u,v) to the center of ther
frequency rectangle
1
D(u , v) (u M / 2) 2 (v N / 2) 2 2
f ( x, y ) h( x, y ) F (u , v) H (u , v) spatial
spatial
Butterworth Lowpass
Filters (BLPFs)
n=2
D0=5,15,30,80,and 230
D 2 ( u ,v ) / 2 D02
H (u , v) e
Gaussian Lowpass
Filters (FLPFs)
D0=5,15,30,80,and 230
H hp (u, v) H lp (u, v)
Ideal highpass filter
0 if D(u , v) D0
H (u , v)
1 if D(u , v) D0
Highpass Filters
Spatial Representations
0 if D(u, v) D0
H (u , v)
1 if D (u , v) D0
1
H (u , v)
1 D0 / D(u, v)
2n
D 2 ( u ,v ) / 2 D02
H (u , v) 1 e
Spatial domain
g ( x , y ) f ( x, y ) 2 f ( x , y )
where
2 f ( x, y ) : the Laplacian - filtered
image in the spatial domain
For display
purposes only
Implementation
Some Additional Properties of the 2D Fourier Transform
• Periodicity, symmetry, and back-to-back properties
shift
Implementation
Some Additional Properties of the 2D Fourier Transform
• Separability
Implementation
More on Periodicity
Convolution
f ( x ) h( x )
M 1
1
M
f ( m) h ( x m )
m0
extend
extend