Slope and Retaining Structures: Slide 1

CED 525
Slope and Retaining Structures
Dr. Lohitkumar Nainegali

Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
Slide 1 Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad
Dhanbad-826004 (Jharkhand), India
E-mail: lohitkumarsn@gmail.com
M: +91-9471192372
Slide 2 Stability Analysis of Slopes of Earth Dams
 The stability of slopes of earth dams is checked under the following conditions:
o Downstream slope under steady seepage
o Upstream slope under sudden drawdown
o Upstream and downstream slopes during construction and immediately after construction
o Upstream slope under submerged conditions
 When the reservoir on the u/s side of earth dam is filled water starts seeping through
the dam.
 After some duration steady state seepage conditions are established and well defined
phreatic line is formed.
 Soil below the phreatic line is saturated and subjected to the pore water pressure.
2
 On the u/s side, the seepage forces are directed inward into the body of the dam hence
increases the stability of slope on u/s side.
 On the d/s side, seepage forces are directed outwards hence aids the gravity forces in
decreasing the stability of the d/s side.
 Steady seepage condition is critical for the d/s slope of the earth dams.
3
 We assumed the pore water pressure to be zero in the fundamentals of the ordinary method
of slices and Bishop’s simplified method of slices.
 The stability analysis with steady seepage involves the development of the pore pressure
diagram along the chosen trial circle of failure.
 The pore water pressure must be considered when effective shear strength parameters are
used.
 The FOS equations obtained by Ordinary method of slices and Bishop’s simplified method
needs to be modified slightly for the pore water pressure.
4
 Stability Analysis by Method of Slices for Steady-State Seepage:
Pore water pressure = h*γw
5
 The simplest of the methods for knowing the pore pressure at any point on the trial circle is
by the use of flow nets.
6
7
8
 The weight of each slice is computed by considering the bulk density of the soil above the
phreatic line and saturated density below the phreatic line.
 The N-component of the weight is reduced due to the pore pressure below the phreatic line.
 For the slices that are intersected by the phreatic line only effective normal
component (N’) must be used in determining the shear strength by subtracting the pore
pressure (u) at the bottom of the slice.
 The total force caused by the pore water pressure at the bottom of the n th slice is equal
to un  Ln
9
 The equation for Ordinary method of slices is modified as:
 The equation for Bishop’s simplified method of slices is modified as:
10
 Bishop and Morgenstern Method for Slope Analysis:
 Equation developed based on Bishop's analysis of slopes, contains the term pore pressure u.
 Bishop and Morgenstern (1960) developed tables for the calculation of FOS for simple
slopes proposing the following equation for the evaluation of u.
Pore pressure ratio

(non-dimensional quantity) 11
 Substituting (Wn and ru(n)) into modified Bishop’s FOS equation and simplifying these:
 The pore pressure ratio ru(n) is assumed to be constant throughout the cross-section, which is
called a homogeneous pore pressure distribution.
 For a steady-state seepage condition, a weighted average value of ru(n) can be taken, which is
a constant.
12
 The factor of safety is defined as:
 where m and n are stability coefficients.

 The values of m and n are obtained in terms of charts or tables. Table gives the values of m
and n for various combinations of c/γH, D, ϕ/, and β.
13
 Bishop and Morgenstern (1960) limited their charts (or tables) to values of c/γH = 0.000,
0.025, and 0.050.
 O' Connor and Mitchell (1977) extended the work of Bishop and Morgenstern to cover
values of c/γH = 0.075 and 0.100 for various values of depth factors, D (n d) adopting the
same method.
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
 Method of determining the Fs:
o Step 1: Obtain c/γH, ϕ/, and β.
o Step 2: Obtain ru (weighted average value).
o Step 3: From Tables or charts, obtain the values of m and n for D = 1, 1.25, and 1.5 (for the
required parameters ϕ/, β, ru, and c/γH).
o Step 4: Determine Fs, using the values of m and n for each value of D.
o Step 5: The required value of Fs is the smallest one obtained in Step 4.
27
 Spencer’s Method for Slope Analysis:
 Bishop’s simplified method of slices satisfies the equations of equilibrium with respect to
the moment but not with respect to the forces.
 Spencer (1967) has provided a method to determine the factor of safety by taking into
account the inter-slice forces (Pn, Tn, Pn+1, Tn+1), which does satisfy the equations of
equilibrium with respect to moment and forces.
28
 Method of determining the Fs:
o Step 1: Determine c, γ, H, ϕ/, β, and ru for the given slope.
o Step 2: Assume a value of Fs.
o Step 3: Calculate c/[Fs (assumed) γH].
o Step 4: With the value of c/FsγH calculated in Step 3 and the slope angle β, enter the proper
chart to obtain ϕd/.
o Step 5: Calculate Fs tanϕ//tanϕd/
o Step 6: If the values of Fs as assumed in Step 2 are not the same as those calculated in Step
5, repeat Steps 2, 3, 4, and 5 until they are the same.
29
30
31
Stability Analysis of Slopes of Earth Dams, Cont…
Slide 32 Stability of Slopes under Sudden Drawdown Condition:

 Rapid drawdown of reservoir water level is one of the critical condition in the stability of
u/s slopes.
 If soil is of low permeability and when the reservoir level goes down no appreciable
change in the saturation level inside slope takes place.
 The weight of water which is still present in the soil tends to cause sliding of the wedge, as
the water pressure which was acting u/s slope to balance this weight has been suddenly
removed.
 The flow net for sudden drawdown condition is drawn using electrical analog method, and
the pore pressure acting on the base of the trial/slip circle is determined.
32

 The pore pressure (u) can be estimated using Skempton pore pressure coefficients.
 Pore pressure at any point, p:
 The total major principal stress (σ1) at point, p is assumed due to weight above and when
there is a drawdown, the σ1 decreases by:

 Change in pore water pressure:
33

 Therefore pore water pressure immediately after drawdown:
 B , is slightly greater than one. So, conservative value of B  1 is generally taken.

 Thus, pore water pressure (u):
 Pore pressure at various points is determined and FOS is obtained from Ordinary method
of slice or Bishop simplified method of slices.
34

 Morgenstern Method of Analysis for Rapid Drawdown Condition:
 Morgenstern (1963) used Bishop’s method of slices to determine the factor of safety, Fs,
during rapid drawdown.
o The assumptions made in the analysis are
o Simple slope of homogeneous material
o The dam rests on an impermeable base
o The slope is completely submerged initially (initially, the water level coincides with the top
of the embankment)
o The pore pressure does not dissipate during drawdown
35

 Morgenstern used the Skempton’s pore pressure parameter, B

L H
 The charts developed take into account the drawdown ratio which is defined as: Rd  
H H
 The stability charts covering a range of stability numbers c'/γH from 0.0125 to 0.050.
 The curves developed are for the values of ϕ/ = 20°, 30°, and 40° for different values of β.
36

37

38
Slide 39 Stability of Slopes during Construction:

 Morgenstern (1963) used Bishop’s method of slices to determine the factor of safety, Fs,
during rapid drawdown.
39
Slide 40 Review of Stability Analysis Methods:
 All limit equilibrium methods utilize the Mohr-Coulomb expression to determine the shear
strength τf along the sliding surface.
 The available shear strength τf depends on the type of soil and the effective normal stress,
whereas the mobilized shear stress τm depends on the external forces acting on the soil
mass.
40
Methods Circular Non- ∑M = 0 ∑F = 0 Assumptions for P and T
Circular
Ordinary √ - √ - Neglects both P and T
Bishop simplified √ - √ $ Considers P but neglects T
Janbu simplified # √ - √ Considers P but neglects T
Janbu GPS √ √ ## √ Considers both P and T, act at LoT
Lowe-Karafiath - √ - √ Resultant inclines at θ=0.5(σ+β)
Corps of Engineers - √ - √ Resultant inclines at θ=0.5(σ1+σ2)
Sarma √ √ √ √ Interslice shear, T = c.h+P.tanϕ
Spencer √ # √ √ Constant inclination, T=P.tanθ
Morgenstern-Price √ √ √ √ Defined by f(x), T=f(x).λ.P
#: Can be used for both circular and non-circular failure surfaces
##: Satisfies moment eqb. For intermediate thin slices
$: Satisfies vertical force eqb. For base normal force
41
 The Ordinary Method of Slices:
 The Ordinary method (OM) satisfies the moment equilibrium for a circular slip surface, but
neglects both the inter-slice normal and shear forces.
 The advantage of this method is its simplicity in solving the FOS, since the equation does
not require an iteration process
42
 Bishop simplified Method (BSM):
 Bishop’s simplified method (BSM) considers the inter-slice normal forces but neglects the
inter-slice shear forces.
 It further satisfies vertical force equilibrium to determine the effective base normal force
(N’).
43
 Jambu’s simplified Method (JSM):
 Janbu’s simplified method (JSM) is based on a composite slip surface (i.e. non-circular)
and the FOS is determined by horizontal force equilibrium.
 As in BSM, the method considers inter-slice normal forces (P) but neglects the shear forces
(T).
44
 Morgenstern-Price Method (M-PM):
 The Morgenstern-Price method (M-PM) satisfies both force and moment equilibriums and
assumes the inter-slice force function.
 The failure surface may be of any shape.
 The problem is statically determinate by assuming a relationship between the forces P and
T on the vertical sides of slices: T = λ.f(x).P
45
 Spencer’s Method (SM):
 Spencer’s method (SM) is the same as M-PM except the assumption made for inter-slice
forces.
 A constant inclination is assumed for inter-slice forces and the FOS is computed for both
equilibriums.
46
Slide 47
See You in Next

Class…!!!
47

Slope and Retaining Structures: Slide 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Slope and Retaining Structures: Slide 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CED 525

Slope and Retaining Structures

Dr. Lohitkumar Nainegali

Pore water pressure = h*γw

 The equation for Bishop’s simplified method of slices is modified as:

Pore pressure ratio

 where m and n are stability coefficients.

Slide 32 Stability of Slopes under Sudden Drawdown Condition:

Slide 33 Stability of Slopes under Sudden Drawdown Condition:

there is a drawdown, the σ1 decreases by:

Slide 34 Stability of Slopes under Sudden Drawdown Condition:

 B , is slightly greater than one. So, conservative value of B  1 is generally taken.

Slide 35 Stability of Slopes under Sudden Drawdown Condition:

Slide 36 Stability of Slopes under Sudden Drawdown Condition:

 Morgenstern used the Skempton’s pore pressure parameter, B

Slide 37 Stability of Slopes under Sudden Drawdown Condition:

Slide 38 Stability of Slopes under Sudden Drawdown Condition:

Slide 39 Stability of Slopes during Construction:

See You in Next

You might also like