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EEE 264-5: 3G Wireless Networks
EEE 264-5: 3G Wireless Networks
Networks
3G Wireless Networks
1200 Crossover
1000 has happened
May 2002 !
800
Landline Subscribers
(millions)
600
400
200
Mobile Subscribers
0
Cellular Mobile Telephony
Frequency modulation
Antenna diversity 2 7
3 5 2
Cellular concept 1 6 3
Bell Labs (1957 & 1960) 4 1 6
2 7 4
Frequency reuse 5 2 7
3 5
typically every 7 cells 1 6 3
Handoff as caller moves 4 1
2 7
Modified CO switch 5
HLR, paging, handoffs
Sectors improve reuse
every 3 cells possible
Mobile Communication Using
Satellites (MSAT)
Iridium
ICO (Project 21, Immarsat-P)
Immarsat-M
Globalstar
Odyssey
Teledesic
Ellipso
Constellation (Aries)
VSAT/MSAT/MSS
First Generation – 1G Cellular
Digital systems
Leveraged technology to increase capacity
Speech compression; digital signal processing
Utilized “Intelligent Network” concepts
Improved fraud prevention
Added new services
Wide diversity of 2G systems
IS-54/ IS-136 North American TDMA; PDC (Japan)
iDEN
DECT and PHS
IS-95 CDMA (cdmaOne)
GSM
D-AMPS/ TDMA & PDC
Speech coded as digital bit stream
compression plus error protection bits
aggressive compression limits voice quality
Used by Nextel
Motorola proprietary system
time division multiple access technology
based on GSM architecture
800 MHz private mobile radio (PMR) spectrum
just below 800 MHz cellular band
Special protocol supported fast “Push-to-
Talk”
digital replacement for old PMR services
DECT and PHS
Number of subscribers
in the world (Jul 2001)
PDC
CDMA
7%
12%
US TDMA
10%
GSM
71%
Source: EMC World Cellular / GSM Association
1G – Separate Frequencies
30 KHz
30 KHz
30 KHz
Frequency
30 KHz
30 KHz
30 KHz
30 KHz
30 KHz
2G – TDMA –
Time Division Multiple Access
200 KHz
200 KHz
Frequency
200 KHz
200 KHz
Time
2G & 3G – CDMA –
Code Division Multiple Access
Spread spectrum modulation
originally developed for the military
resists jamming and many kinds of interference
coded modulation hidden from those w/o the code
All users share same (large) block of
spectrum
one for one frequency reuse
soft handoffs possible
Almost all accepted 3G radio standards are
based on CDMA
CDMA2000, W-CDMA and TD-SCDMA
Multi-Access Radio Techniques
Global
Satellite
Suburban Urban
In-Building
Picocell
Microcell
Macrocell
Basic Terminal
PDA Terminal
Audio/Visual Terminal
IMT-2000 Radio Standards
Wideband CDMA
Standard for Universal Mobile Telephone Service
(UMTS)
Committed standard for Europe and migration
path for other GSM operators
leveraged GSM’s dominant position
Requires substantial new spectrum
5 MHz each way (symmetric)
Legally mandated in Europe and elsewhere
Sales of new spectrum completed in Europe
TD-SCDMA
2.5G Multimedia
2G Packet Data
1G Digital Voice
Analog Voice
GPRS W-CDMA
GSM
EDGE (UMTS)
115 Kbps
NMT 9.6 Kbps 384 Kbps Up to 2 Mbps
GSM/
TD-SCDMA
TDMA GPRS
(Overlay)
TACS 2 Mbps?
115 Kbps
9.6 Kbps
iDEN iDEN
9.6 Kbps PDC (Overlay)
9.6 Kbps
AMPS CDMA 1xRTT cdma2000
CDMA 1X-EV-DV
14.4 Kbps
PHS
(IP-Based) 144 Kbps Over 2.4 Mbps
/ 64 Kbps
64 Kbps
PHS 2003 - 2004+
2003+
2001+
1992 - 2000+ Source: U.S. Bancorp Piper Jaffray
1984 - 1996+
Subscribers: GSM vs CDMA
•Cost of moving from GSM to cdmaOne overrides
the benefit of the CDMA migration path
PSDN
BSC
BTS
BSC
MSC/VLR
PLMN
MSC/VLR
BSC
BTS Base Transceiver Station
BSC Base Station Controller
GMSC
HLR SMS-SC
MSC Signaling Plane (SS7)
VLR MSC
MSC
(SCP) HLR
Signaling SCP
over SS7 Where is the subscriber?
4 2
Provide Roaming 3
5
Routing Info
VMSC 6 GMSC 1
BSS
E PSTN
Abis
A
PSTN
B
BSC C
MS MSC GMSC
D
BTS VLR
SS7
H
HLR
AuC
Abis Ater A
TRAU PSTN* TRAU
MS BTS BTS MS
BSC BSC
MSC MSC
Abis Ater A
TRAU PSTN* TRAU
MS BTS BTS MS
BSC BSC
MSC MSC
3G Network Layout
Internet
(TCP/IP)
IP Gateway
Network
Mobile Switching
Management
Center
(HLR)
Network
Mobile Switching
Management
Center
(HLR)
IP Gateway
Internet
(TCP/IP)
BSS
E PSTN
Abis
A
PSTN
B
BSC C
MSC GMSC
Gb D
BTS VLR
Gs
SS7
H
2G+ MS (voice & data)
IuCS
RNS
Gr HLR
AuC
ATM Gc
Iub
IuPS
Gn Gi
PSDN
RNC IP
SGSN GGSN
Node B
3G UE (voice & data)
BSS Base Station System CN Core Network SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
BTS Base Transceiver Station MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
BSC Base Station Controller VLR Visitor Location Register
HLR Home Location Register UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
•Media gateway -translation device or service that converts media streams between different technologies such as SS7, 2G, 2.5G and 3G radio access networks) or PBX systems
•Media gateways enable communications across packet networks using transport protocols such as Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and Internet Protocol (IP)
•Media gateway function is to convert between different transmission and coding techniques
Transcoder Free Operation
(TrFO)
Improve voice quality by avoiding unneeded
transcoders
like TFO but using packet-based core network
Out-of-band negotiation
Select same codec at both ends during call setup
Supports sudden channel rearrangement
(handovers, etc.) via signaling procedures
When TrFO impossible, TFO can be attempted
e.g. transit between packet-based and circuit-
based core networks
TrFO + TFO Example
2G PLMN TRAU
CS-MGW
IM-MGW IP Multimedia-MGW
CSCF
3GPP Rel.6 Objectives
Spring 2004
2G cdmaOne (IS-95 + IS-41)
BTS - Base Transceiver Station
BSC - Base Station Controller
IS-95
MS - Mobile Station
MSC - Mobile Switching Center
HLR - Home Location Registry
SMS-SC - Short Message
BTS Service - Serving Center
A Ref (A1, A2, A5)
STM – Synchronous Transfer Mode
MS STM over T1/T3
BSC
Proprietary Interface HLR
MS
BSC
SMS-
Proprietary Interface
SC
A1 – Signaling interface for call control and mobility A5 – Full duplex bearer interface byte stream (SMS ?)
Management between MSC and BSC A7 – Bearer interface for inter-BSC mobile handoff
A2 – 64 kbps bearer interface for PCM voice
A3 – Signaling interface for inter-BSC mobile handoff
CDMA2000 1x Network
HLR
STM over T1/T3 or
IS-2000 AAL1 over SONET
PST N
A Ref (A1, A2, A5) STM over
T1/T3
MSC
BTS
AAA server
Authentication: PPP and mobile IP connections
Authorization: service profile and security key
distribution and management
Accounting: usage data for billing
Mobile IP Home Agent
Track location of mobile IP subscribers when they
move from one network to another
Receive packets on behalf of the mobile node when
node is attached to a foreign network and deliver
packets to mobile’s current point of attachment
1xEVDO -- IP Data Only
IP BTS - IP Base Transceiver Station
IP BSC - IP Base Station Controller
IS-2000
AAA - Authentication, Authorization,
and Accounting
PDSN - Packet Data Serving Node
Home Agent - Mobile IP Home Agent
IP
BTS
Internet
IP IP
Firewall Router
IP BSC IP
Router
IS-2000
Internet
L3 L3
(UMTS) (cdma2000)
HLR
GSM MAP
ANSI-41 Home PLMN
SMS-GMSC
E PSDN
A
B SC
BTS BSC C SMS-IWMSC
MS MSC PC
SME VLR
Basic services :
SM MT (Mobile Terminated)
SM MO (Mobile Originated)
(3GPP2) SM MO can be cancelled
(3GPP2) User can acknowledge
SM Service Center (3GPP) aka
Message Center (3GPP2)
relays and store-and-forwards SMSs
Payload of up to 140 bytes, but
Can be compressed (MS-to-MS)
And/or segmented in several SMs
SMS Transport
SOAP/HTTP SN
WSP-HTTP Value-Added Services
Application
(*) Optional
Location
Emergency services
E911 - Enhanced 911
Value-added personal services
friend finder, directions
Commercial services
coupons or offers from nearby stores
Network internal
Traffic & coverage measurements
Lawful intercept extensions
law enforcement locates suspect
Location Information
Public
PDE
ESRK
ESRK Service
& voice
& voice Answering
Point
BSC Access
PDE tandem
MSC
ESRK
Callback #,
Long., Lat.
ESRK
SN
PDE Callback #,
PDE SN Long., Lat. SN
MPC ALI DB
UE (User Entity)
may assist in position calculation
LMU (Location Measurement Unit)
distributed among cells
SMLC (Serving Mobile Location Center)
Standalone equipment (2G) or
integrated into BSC (2G) or RNC (3G)
Leverages normal infrastructure for transport
and resource management
LCS Architecture (3GPP)
LCS signaling (LLP)
LCS signaling (RRLP) over RR/BSSAP LCS signaling in BSSAP-LE
over RR-RRC/BSSAP SN
LCS signaling over MAP GMLC
SMLC Ls
LMU Lr
LMU (Type B) Abis Lb
(Type A)
Lg
Abis A
Gb
BTS BSC
MSC Lh Le
VLR
Gs SN
Iu
HLR CN GMLC LCS Client
UE Iub
SMLC Lg (LCS Server)
RNC
SGSN
LMU LMU Location Measurement Unit
Node B SMLC Serving Mobile Location Center
(LMU type B)
LCS signaling over RANAP GMLC Gateway Mobile Location Center
Location Request
Node B
Iu-cs
RNC MSC
Support for H.323 calls
UTRAN & streaming media
3G-324M
Mobile 3G-324M
UMTS
Core Multi-Media GW
IP Network
Network
H.323
H.323
H.248 or RAS RTP terminal
Streaming/Mail
Soft Switch
media
or Gate Keeper
server
Gateway: 3G-324M to
MPEG4 over RTP
Control stacks
ISDN call setup | H.323 or SIP
H.245 negotiation | over TCP
Audio/ RTP
PSTN
video/ RTSP IP
I/F Video repacking
control Packet UDP/IP I/F
of H.263 frames stacks
multiplex stream
H.223 jitter
Audio vocoder
AMR - G.711 buffering
Video messaging system
for 3G-324M
Control stacks
Audio/ ISDN call setup
video/ H.245 negotiation
PSTN
I/F control Video buffering
multiplex Audio/video of H.263 frames
H.223 sync and
stream control Audio buffering
of AMR frames
«All IP» Services
Presence
Location
Instant Messaging (voice+video)
Conferencing
Media Streaming / Annoucements
Multi-player gaming with voice channel
3G QoS
Media Server
Application Server
Internet
Mb
Gi SIP phone
HSS
ISC Mb
PS Gi/Mb
IM-MGW
UE GGSN MRF Mb
SGSN Cx Mp Mb
Go TDM
Gm
IMS ISUP PSTN
Mw Mg Mn
MGCF
P-CSCF CSCF
CPE
Signaling
SIP
CSCF Call Session Control Function
IM-MGW IM-Media Gateway
MGCF Media Gateway Control Function
MRF Media Resource Function
IMS Concepts (2)
Service control
ISC Internet
Gm
Media Server
ISC
PS
Home IMS
UE P-CSCF Mw
Application SIP phone
Servers
Gm
Visited IMS
PS
UE P-CSCF
MMD Architecture
- 3GPP2 MultiMedia Domain
Databases AAA
Internet
Mobile IP
Home Agent
SIP phone
Border
Router
MS Packet Core
Access
Gateway Core QoS Integrated in P-CSCF
Manager
MGW
MRF MRFP
TDM
MMD ISUP PSTN
MRFC
Signaling
MGCF
CPE
Session
AAA Authentication, Authorization & Accounting Control IM-MGW + MGCF
Manager P-SCM = P-CSCF
MGW Media Gateway
I-SCM = I-CSCF 3GPP / 3GPP2 mapping
MGCF Media Gateway Control Function S-SCM = S-CSCF
L-SCM = Border Gateway Control Functions
MRFC Media Resource Function Controller
MRFP Media Resource Function Processor
3G Wireless Networks
Multi-application platform
Integrate TDM voice and IP data
Support multiple applications
Flexible billing and provisioning
Sample Multimodal Applications
Travel information
Make request via voice
Receive response in text
Directions
Make request via voice
Receive initial response in text
Get updates while traveling via voice
or SMS or rich graphics
One-to-many messaging
Record message via voice or text
Deliver message via voice, SMS,
WAP, or email
More Multimodal Examples
Speech
Server Data IP Interface Internet / Core
Base Network GGSN SGSN
(data)
Media
OAM&P
Server
Instant Messaging / Location
Presence 3G MSC Server
and Presence
Message SIP
Gateway Location
H.248
Packet
Interface Core (Packet) RNC
Voice or Data (voice/video) Network
Wireless 3G MSC Gateway
Control
3G Wireless Network
Biggest Threat to Today’s 3G:
Wireless LANs ?
Faster than 3G
11 or 56 Mbps vs. <2 Mbps for 3G when stationary
ITU
ARIB
(Japan)
TTC
(Japan)
TTA
(Korea)
ETSI T1 TIA
(Europe) (USA) (USA)
Partnership Project and Forums
ITU IMT-2000
https://www.itu.int/osg/spu/imt-2000/technology.html