MODERN PERIOD

SIR BOYONG
MAY SILBI KA BA SA LIPUNAN O
PALAKIHING NILALANG
KA LANG SA LOOB NG BAHAY?
MARTIN HEIDEGGER

BEING-THERE

BEING IN THE WORLD

 BEING-THERE
BEING-THERE

BEING-THERE BEING-THERE BEING-THERE

YOU

BEING-THERE BEING-THERE
QUESTION OF SELF AUTHENTICITY
LANGUAGE

• NAWAWALA DAW ANG AUTHENTICITY NATIN DAHIL SA 3RD PERSON

• PAG NAGPAPAAPEKTO TAU SA IBANG BEING THERE- SA MGA

SINASABI NILA SA ATIN
MAN IS IN A JOURNEY TOWARDS DEATH
SO ANO ANG DULOT NITO?

• ANGST/FEAR/ANXIET

• SAAN?

• PATUNGONG KAMATAYAN
• SO, SA JOURNEY NATIN, ANG HAMON AY PAPAANO TAYO MAGIGING
MAKATAO.
• ANG PAGIRAL MO AY TUNGO SA
HINDE MO PAGIRAL NA
NAGMUMULAT SAYO PARA
PAHALAGAHAN MO ANG IYONG
PAGIRAL
JEAN PAUL SARTRE
ANG BUHAY NG TAO AY NAGSIMULA SA
PAGKAWALA

• BUKOD DON, HINDI PRE-DETERMINED ANG BUHAY NG ISANG TAO

• HINDI KA SINILANG PARA MALAMAN MO AGAD ANG PURPOSE MO SA

BUHAY
EXISTENCE PRECEDES ESSENCE

• KAILANGAN MONG MAGEXIST UPANG MALAMAN MO ANG HALAGA

MO SA BUHAY

• ACTIONS– NOTHINGNESS----ACTIONS--- NOTHINGNESS……….

MAN IS CONDEMNED TO BE FREE

• INILAGAY ANG TAO SA MUNDO UPANG UMIRAL AT GAMITIN ANG

KANYANG KALAYAAN UPANG MALAMAN ANG KANYANG MISYON
PROBLEM OF FREEDOM

• WE ARE LIVING IN HELL

• ANG KALAYAAN KO AY MARAHIL IBA SA KALAYAAN NG IBA

• YOUR RIGHT ENDS WHEN THE RIGHT OF OTHERS BEGIN

• SAWA KA NA BANG I-JUSTIFY ANG ACTIONS MO SA IBANG TAO?

YOU READY FOR THIS GUY?

IMMANUEL KANT
DUTY ETHICS/ KANTIAN ETHICS

• KANTIAN MORALITY IS FOUNDED ON REASON

• KNOW THE IDEA OF GOOD WILL, MOTIVE AND DUTY.

• TO LIVE A MORAL LIFE IS TO LIVE IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAWS

OF REASON. THIS COMMAND IS TRUE, VALID AND BINDING BECAUSE
IT IS BEYOND EXPERIENCE
• ANG COMMAND AT HINDI RELATIVE KATULAD NG MGA NAUNANG
PILOSOPO. SINCE IT IS A COMMAND, EVERYONE MUST ABIDE.

• A GOOD WILL IS ONE THAT ACTS FOR THE SAKE OF DUTY. BAKIT?
DAHIL TAYO LANG ANG MAY KAKAYAHANG MAGISIP. SO, ALAM MO
DAPAT ANG DUTY MO SA KAPWA AT SA LIPUNAN.
• SINCE MAY KAKAYAHAN NGA TAYONG MAGISIP, PEDE RIN NATIN
ITONG MAGAMIT SA KASAMAAN. SA GANITONG PARAAN, YOU ARE
NOT LIVING A MORAL LIFE
• MAN ACTS MORALLY BECAUSE IT IS HIS DUTY TO BE MORAL;
BECAUSE YOU RESPECT THE MORAL LAW.
CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE

• DUTY IN THE CLASS

• IT IS AN ABSOLUTE COMMAND.

• NOT DERIVED FROM EXPERIENCE KASI NGA BASED SYA SA REASON

• KABALIGTARAN AY HYPOTHETICAL IMPERATIVE- LAGING CONDITIONAL.

• BASED ON PRINCIPLE OF UNIVERSALITY AND HUMANITY

• PRINCIPLE OF UNIVERSALITY- ACT ONLY ON THAT MAXIM THROUGH WHICH
YOU CAN AT THE SAME TIME, WILL THAT IT SHOULD BECOME UNIVERSAL
LAW,

• PRINCIPLE OF HUMANITY- YOU ALWAYS TREAT HUMANITY, IN YOUR OWN

PERSON, NEVER SIMPLY AS A MEANS BUT ALWAYS AT THE SAME TIME AS END

• MAGKAIBA SA ETHICS NILA AQUINAS, ARISTOTLE AT PLATO.

PASIMPLIHIN MO NGA SIR

• MAN IS NOT A MEANS TO AN END; HE IS AN END IN HIMSELF

• YAN, SIMPLIFIED NA, RECITE KA SAKEN. ANU IBIG SABIHIN NAN

AYON SA PREVIOUS DISCUSSIONS NTEN KENA ARISTOTLE.
ISA PANG SCHOOL OF THOUGHT
KILALA MO BA SILA?
ALIN SA DALAWA ANG PIPILIIN MO?
UTILITARIANISM

• UTILITY- AID, HELP, SERVICE

• TO PRODUCE THE GREATEST HAPPINESS FOR THE GREATEST

NUMBER OF PEOPLE
JEREMY BENTHAM
• MAN IS CAPABLE OF DOING ONLY THOSE ACTIONS WHICH GIVE HIM
PLEASURE AND THAT HE AVOID THOSE ACTIONS THAT GIVE HIM
PAIN
AYOKO NG MASAKTAN!
• GREATEST GOOD LIES IN MAN’S PURSUIT TO HAPPINESS AND
PLEASURE

• EVIL LIES IN THE AVOIDANCE OF PAIN

4 SANCTIONS TO GUIDE INDIVIDUALS IN A
HEALTHY INCLINATION FOR PLEASURE

• PHYSICAL PLEASURE WITHIN BOUNDS

• POLITICAL PLEASURE WITHIN BOUNDS

• MORAL PLEASURES WITHIN BOUNDS

• RELIGIOUS PLEASURE WITHIN BOUNDS

• Pleasure and pain can be measured through the hedonic calculus

• A tool to determine the quantitative value of pleasure

• Higher degree; longer effect; certainly gives pleasure; right in the

here-and-now; pleasure producing; not tainted with pain
So balik tayo sa tanong, ano mas pipiliin mo?
KAYA PA? MERON PA. MAKINIG KA PA 
Signal number 4, bahagi ka ng PH navy. May 2 pangkat na
nakasakay sa balsa. Isang pangkat lang ang maari mong
sagipin. Anu ang pipiliin mo?
• RECOGNIZING THAT BENTHAM FOCUSES ONLY IN QUANTITATIVE
VALUE OF PLEASURE ADDS HIS CONCEPT ON THE QUALITATIVE
VALUES OF PLEASURE AND TAKES THEM AS TRADEMARK OF HIS
ETHICAL THEORY
FOR BENTHAM

• THE GREATEST HAPPINESS TO THE GREATEST NUMBER OF PEOPLE

FOR MILL

• GREATEST HAPPINESS TO THE GREATEST DEGREE

• HIGHER PLEASURE- INTELLECT

• LOWER PLEASURE- BODY

• IT DOES NOT MATTER HOW MUCH PLEASURE ONE GETS WHILE
PERFORING AN ACT

• WHAT MATTERS IS THE QUALITY OF THE PLEASURE ONE SAVES OUT

OF THE ACTIONS ONE PERFORMS.
BALIKAN NATIN YUNG TANUNG KANINA
SINU ANG ILILIGTAS MO?
PERO ITO TALAGA ANG TANONG KO

• MAY SAYSAY KA BA SA LIPUNAN O SAKIT KA LANG SA

BAYAN/PAMILYA/CLASS GROUP MO?

• KUNG ANG SAGOT MO AY YUNG PANGHULI, ANO DAPAT ANG

GAWIN SAYO NG ISANG UTILITARIAN?