CELL MEDIATED

IMMUNITY
 • INVOLVES SPECIALIZED SET OF LYMPHOCYTES CALLED T CELLS THAT RECOGNIZE
FOREIGN ANTIGENS ON THE SURFACE OF CELLS, ORGANISMS, OR TISSUES:
• T CELLS REGULATE PROLIFERATION AND ACTIVITY OF OTHER CELLS OF THE IMMUNE
SYSTEM:
• B CELLS, MACROPHAGES, NEUTROPHILS, ETC.
• DEFENSE AGAINST:
•BACTERIA AND VIRUSES THAT ARE INSIDE HOST CELLS AND ARE INACCESSIBLE TO
ANTIBODIES.
•FUNGI, PROTOZOA, AND HELMINTHS
•CANCER CELLS
•TRANSPLANTED TISSUE

2
 CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY IS CARRIED OUT BY T
LYMPHOCYTES

3
 ANTIGENS THAT STIMULATE CELLULAR RESPONSE ARE MAINLY
INTRACELLULAR.
REQUIRES CONSTANT PRESENCE OF ANTIGEN TO REMAIN EFFECTIVE.
UNLIKE HUMORAL IMMUNITY, CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY IS NOT
TRANSFERRED TO THE FETUS.
IN ADDITION TO DIRECT CYTOTOXICITY, T CELLS PRODUCE CYTOKINES THAT
ACTIVATE MACROPHAGES.
CYTOKINES:
• CHEMICAL MESSENGERS OF IMMUNE CELLS.
• OVER 100 HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED.
• STIMULATE AND/OR REGULATE IMMUNE RESPONSES.
• INTERLEUKINS: COMMUNICATION BETWEEN WBCS.
• INTERFERONS: PROTECT AGAINST VIRAL INFECTIONS.
• CHEMOKINES: ATTRACT WBCS TO INFECTED AREAS.

4
 T CELLS AND CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY

CELLULAR COMPONENTS OF IMMUNITY:

• T CELLS ARE KEY CELLULAR COMPONENT OF IMMUNITY.
• T CELLS HAVE AN ANTIGEN RECEPTOR THAT RECOGNIZES AND
REACTS TO A SPECIFIC ANTIGEN (T CELL RECEPTOR).
• T CELL RECEPTOR ONLY RECOGNIZE ANTIGENS COMBINED WITH
MAJOR HISTOCOMPATABILITY (MHC) PROTEINS ON THE SURFACE
OF CELLS.
• MHC CLASS I: FOUND ON ALL NUCLEATED CELLS.
• MHC CLASS II: FOUND ON PHAGOCYTES.
• CLONAL SELECTION INCREASES NUMBER OF T CELLS.

5
 Clonal selection of lymphocytes:
1) a hematopoietic stem cell
undergoes differentiation and
genetic rearrangement to produce
2) immature lymphocytes with
many different antigen receptors.
Those that bind to
3) antigens from the body's own
tissues are destroyed, while the
rest mature into
4) inactive lymphocytes. Most of
these will never encounter a
matching
5) foreign antigen, but those that
do are activated and produce
6) many clones of themselves
6
 T CELLS ONLY RECOGNIZE ANTIGEN
ASSOCIATED WITH MHC MOLECULES ON
CELL SURFACES

7
 TYPES OF T CELLS
1. T HELPER (TH) CELLS:
 CENTRAL ROLE IN IMMUNE RESPONSE.
 THERE ARE THREE SUBPOPULATIONS OF TH CELLS:
1. TH0 (NAÏVE)
2. TH1 (INFLAMMATORY)
3. TH2 CELLS (HELPER).
 MOST ARE CD4+
 RECOGNIZE ANTIGEN ON THE SURFACE OF ANTIGEN
PRESENTING CELLS E.G.: MACROPHAGE (MHC CLASS II)
 ACTIVATE MACROPHAGES (inflammatory)
 INDUCE FORMATION OF CYTOTOXIC T CELLS
 STIMULATE B CELLS TO PRODUCE ANTIBODIES.(HELPER)
8
9
 CENTRAL ROLE OF HELPER T CELLS

10
 2. CYTOTOXIC T (TC) CELLS:
• DESTROY TARGET CELLS.
• CD8+ (CD4 -).
• RECOGNIZE (MHC CLASS I) ANTIGENS ON THE SURFACE OF ALL
CELLS:
• KILL HOST CELLS THAT ARE INFECTED WITH VIRUSES OR BACTERIA.
• RECOGNIZE AND KILL CANCER CELLS.

• RECOGNIZE AND DESTROY TRANSPLANTED TISSUE.

• RELEASE TWO TYPES PROTEINS:

1) PERFORIN : WHICH FORMS PORES IN TARGET CELLS, CAUSING
LYSIS OF INFECTED CELLS.
2) GRANZYMES (SERINE PROTEASES)
• UNDERGO APOPTOSIS WHEN STIMULATING ANTIGEN IS GONE.

11
 CYTOTOXIC T CELLS LYSE
INFECTED CELLS

12
 • 3. DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY T (TD) CELLS:
MOSTLY T HELPER AND A FEW CYTOTOXIC T CELLS THAT ARE
INVOLVED IN SOME ALLERGIC REACTIONS AND REJECTION
OF TRANSPLANTED TISSUE.

4. T SUPPRESSOR (TS) CELLS:

 MAY SHUT DOWN IMMUNE RESPONSE.
 ARE A SPECIALIZED SUBPOPULATION OF T CELLS THAT ACT
TO SUPPRESS ACTIVATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND
THEREBY MAINTAIN:
 IMMUNE SYSTEM HOMEOSTASIS AND
 TOLERANCE TO SELF-ANTIGENS.

13
 NONSPECIFIC CELLULAR COMPONENTS
1. ACTIVATED MACROPHAGES: (STIMULATED PHAGOCYTES)
• STIMULATED BY INGESTION OF ANTIGEN
• LARGER AND MORE EFFECTIVE PHAGOCYTES.
• ENHANCED ABILITY TO ELIMINATE INTRACELLULAR BACTERIA,
VIRUS-INFECTED AND CANCEROUS CELLS.

2. NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS:

• LYMPHOCYTES THAT DESTROY VIRUS INFECTED AND TUMOR CELLS.
• NOT SPECIFIC. DON’T REQUIRE ANTIGEN STIMULATION.
• NOT PHAGOCYTIC, BUT MUST CONTACT CELL IN ORDER TO LYSE IT.

14
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CELL-MEDIATED AND
HUMORAL IMMUNITY
1. ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
T-DEPENDENT ANTIGENS:
• ANTIBODY PRODUCTION REQUIRES ASSISTANCE FROM T HELPER
CELLS.
• MACROPHAGES INGEST ANTIGENS AND PRESENT THEM TO TH
CELL.
• TH CELLS STIMULATE B CELLS SPECIFIC FOR THAT ANTIGEN TO
BECOME PLASMA CELLS.
• ANTIGENS ARE MAINLY PROTEINS ON VIRUSES, BACTERIA,
FOREIGN RED BLOOD CELLS, AND HAPTEN-CARRIER MOLECULES.
T-INDEPENDENT ANTIGENS:
• ANTIBODY PRODUCTION DOES NOT REQUIRE ASSISTANCE FROM T
CELLS.
• ANTIGENS ARE MAINLY POLYSACCHARIDES OR
LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES WITH REPEATING SUBUNITS (BACTERIAL
15 CAPSULES).
• WEAKER IMMUNE RESPONSE THAN FOR T-DEPENDENT ANTIGENS.
 HUMORAL RESPONSE TO T DEPENDENT
ANTIGENS

16
 2. ANTIBODY DEPENDENT CELL MEDIATED
CYTOTOXICITY
• TARGET CELL IS COVERED WITH ANTIBODIES,
LEAVING FC PORTION STICKING OUTWARDS.
• NATURAL KILLER AND OTHER NONSPECIFIC
CELLS THAT HAVE RECEPTORS FOR FC REGION
ARE STIMULATED TO KILL TARGETED CELLS.
• TARGET ORGANISM IS LYSED BY SUBSTANCES
SECRETED BY ATTACKING CELLS.
• USED TO DESTROY LARGE ORGANISMS THAT
CANNOT BE PHAGOCYTOSED.

17
 TCR
• TCR IS A HETERODIMER COMPOSED OF TWO TRANSMEMBRANE POLYPEPTIDE
CHAINS, EITHER:
  AND  CHAINS OR
 OF  AND  CHAINS.
• THE  RECEPTORS ACCOUNT FOR 90% OF T-CELL HELPER FUNCTION AND
CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY.
• THE  T CELLS RECEPTORS, ITS PHYSIOLOGIC ROLE IS STILL UNCLEAR.
• THE BIOCHEMICAL SIGNALS THAT ARE TRIGGERED IN T CELLS BY ANTIGEN
RECOGNITION ARE TRANSDUCED NOT BY THE T CELL RECEPTOR ITSELF BUT BY THE
INVARIANT PROTEINS CALLED CD3
• CD3 ARE NONCOVALENLTY LINKED TO THE ANTIGEN RECEPTOR TO FORM THE TCR
COMPLEX.

18
 WHAT ARE THE SIMILARITIES/DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN
T-CELL RECEPTORS AND B-CELL RECEPTORS?
SIMILARITIES: DIFFERENCES:
1.BOTH BIND ANTIGEN
1. ANTIBODIES CAN BE BOTH SOLUBLE AND
MEMBRANE BOUND, TCR ONLY MEMBRANE BOUND
2.BOTH HAVE THEIR
VARIABILITIES LOCATED IN 2. TCR HAS ONE BINDING SITE, AB HAS TWO
ONE PART OF THE MOLECULE 3. TCR IS SHORTER AND WIDER THAN FAB PORTION
THAT BIND ANTIGEN OF AB.
(V-REGION)
4. B-CELLS/ANTIBODIES RECOGNIZE CIRCULATING
ANTIBODIES. T-CELLS REQUIRE ANTIGEN TO BE
3.THREE DIMENSIONAL PRESENTED BY MHC-MOLECULES
STRUCTURES ARE
5. ALL ENERGY OF ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY FOCUS ON
REMARKABLY SIMILAR
FOREIGN ANTIGENS WHEREAS A SUBSTANTIAL
FRACTION OF THE

ENERGY OF THE TCR-PEPTIDE-MHC IS DIRECTED

20 AGAINST SELF.

6. ANTIBODIES HAVE HIGHER AFFINITY THAN TCRS

 OVERVIEW OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE

21
THANK YOU