Course Code: EEZG521

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL TREATMENT PRINCIPLES & DESIGN

FOR WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
Dr. VIVEK RANGARAJAN

Module #1

VIVEK R BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, PILANI
WORK INTEGRATED LEARNING PROGRAMMES
COURSE HANDOUT

Academic term Semester II 2017-2018

Course title Physico-Chemical Treatment Principles and Design for Wastewater Systems
Course ID EEZG521

Course Instructor Dr. Vivek Rangarajan

VIVEK R BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus


Module No Module Title
1 Waste Water Engineering: An overview
Waste water sampling , Analysis and
2
Characterization - I
Waste water sampling , Analysis and
3 and application of waste
Characterisation - II
Wastewater Treatment Objectives,
4 Methods & Implementation
Considerations
5 Physical Unit Operations-I
6 Physical Unit Operations-II
Course modules
Objectives
To understand the significance of treatment, disposal and reuse of waste water.
To promote the understanding of the nature of waste water that is critical for
design and operation of collection, treatment and disposal facilities, definition
and application of waste water characteristics is dealt in this module.
To promote the understanding of the nature of waste water that is critical for
design and operation of collection, treatment and disposal facilities, definition
water characteristics is dealt in this module.
This module provides illustration on how the subject matter fits into overall
scheme of the design, construction, operation and maintenance,
implementation of wastewater treatment facilities.
To learn those operations in which change is brought about application of
physical forces including screening, mixing, sedimentation and accelerated
gravity separation.
To understand other physical operations such as Flotation, filtration and gas
stripping.
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

7 Chemical Unit Operations-I
8 Chemical Unit Operations -II
9 Advanced Wastewater Treatment
10 Advanced Wastewater Treatment
11 Waste Water Auditing
Introduction to Wastewater Treatment
12 Plant Design
To learn those operations for waste water treatment brought
about by chemical reactions such as chemical precipitation,
adsorption, and disinfection with chlorine.
To understand the significance of chemical reactions to
reuse the treated waste water
To understand various advanced waste water treatment
techniques.
To understand various advanced waste water treatment
techniques.
To understand the description of wastewater management
strategies for pollution prevention including the planning
and performance of water audits
To realize plant design considerations and facilitate
physical and chemical waste water treatment

VIVEK R BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 To understand the design of unit operations and
Design of Facilities for physical and chemical
processes used for removal of coarse solids, suspended
13 treatment of Wastewater
and floating solids, grease and volatile organic
 
compounds.
To study the operations and processes that is used to
Design of Facilities for the Treatment and
14 reduce the water and organic content of sludge and their
Disposal of sludge
suitable final disposal/use.
To learn the principal treatment technologies used for
Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse
15 wastewater reuse applications and planning
 
considerations in wastewater Reclamation and Reuse
To provide an exposure to the main issues and
Effluent Disposal
16 approaches used for effluent disposal in the aquatic
 
environment.
To perform numerical involved with waste water
17 Numerical involved in wastewater treatment
treatment and Advanced waste water treatment
 
18 Review session

VIVEK R BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Module 1

Contents
 Water resources
 Origin of wastewater or sewage
 Wastewater constituents
 The need for wastewater treatment and reuse
 Wastewater treatment and management: The role of engineers

VIVEK R BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

https://notesychs.weebly.com/the-hydrological-cycle.html VIVEK R
 Water resources

Rain is the main source of water in India

Rainfall season Duration Approx percentage

of average rainfall
South-west monsoon June-Sept 73.7
Post-monsoon Oct-Dec 13.3
Winter or North-east monsoon Jan-Feb 2.6
Pre-monsoon March-May 10.4
Total 100

 Flooding during June-sept

 Water scarcity during Jan-May 8

VIVEK R BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Annual rainfall and water distribution in India

Water distribution Water in Million hectare

meters (MHM)
Total rainfall 400-420
Immediate Evaporation 70
Water recharge 67
Surface water (ponds, Lakes etc) 100-115
River flow 150-170

Hectare meter (ha·m) is a unit of volume defined to be equal to the volume of water one meter
deep covering one hectare (1 ha = 10000 m2)

1 hectare meter = 10000 cubic meters = 10 x106 liters 9

VIVEK R BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Human use of freshwater

5%
15%

Domestic
80%
Agriculture
Industrial

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VIVEK R BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Drinking water source in India - Past

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VIVEK R BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Drinking water source in India – Past & Present

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VIVEK R BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Present state of water in wells- Unfit for use

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VIVEK R BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Recharged and surface water contamination

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http://www.scienceforthepeople.net/graphics/water_cont.jpg VIVEK R BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Two potential sources of water for human use - future
 Desalinated sea-water or brackish ground water (Gulf countries 80% to 100 % already in use)
 Reclaimed wastewater (treated water for non-potable and potable use)

Why reuse of treated wastewater?

 Water security
 Supportive government policies
 International obligation (Paris agreement on Climate change)
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VIVEK R BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Status of sewage generation and treatment in India (Figures as per 2015 report )

63 % untreated

MLD million liters per day 16

VIVEK R BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

http://www.sulabhenvis.nic.in/Database/STST_wastewater_2090.aspx
Comparison of pollution load generation from Domestic and Industrial Sources

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Wastewater
Spent water after homes, commercial establishments, industries, public institutions, and
similar entities have used their waters for various purposes.

Synonyms: Used/ spent water

Sewage: any polluted water (including wastewater), which
may contain organic and inorganic substances, industrial
wastes, groundwater that happens to infiltrate and to mix
with the contaminated water, storm runoff, and other
similar liquids. 18

VIVEK R BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Wastewater treatment is a process used to convert wastewater – water no longer needed
or suitable for its most recent use – into an effluent that can be returned to the water
cycle with minimal impact on the environment or reused. The latter is called water
reclamation because treated wastewater can then be used for other purposes.

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VIVEK R BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Origin of Wastewater or sewage
 Human waste (faeces, used toilet paper or wipes, urine, or other bodily fluids), also known
as blackwater, usually from lavatories
 Cesspit leakage
 Septic tank discharge
 Sewage treatment plant discharge
 Washing water (personal, clothes, floors, dishes, etc.), also known as greywater or sullage
 Rainfall collections on roofs, yards, hard-standings, etc. (generally clean with traces of oils
and fuel)
 Groundwater infiltrated into sewage
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VIVEK R BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Origin of Wastewater or sewage contd..

 Surplus manufactured liquids from domestic sources (drinks, cooking oil, pesticides,
lubricating oil, paint, cleaning liquids, etc.)
 Urban rainfall runoff from roads, carparks, roofs, sidewalks, or pavements (contains oils,
animal faeces, litter, fuel or rubber residues, metals from vehicle exhausts, etc.)
 Seawater ingress (high volumes of salt and micro-biota)
 Direct ingress of river water (high volumes of micro-biota)
 Direct ingress of manmade liquids (illegal disposal of pesticides, used oils, etc.)
 Highway drainage (oil, de-icing agents, rubber residues)
 Storm drains (almost anything, including cars, shopping trolleys, trees, cattle, etc.)
VIVEK R 21 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Origin of Wastewater or sewage contd..
 Blackwater (surface water contaminated by sewage)

 Industrial waste

 Industrial site drainage (silt, sand, alkali, oil, chemical residues)

 Industrial cooling waters (biocides, heat, slimes, silt)
 Industrial process waters
 Organic or bio-degradable waste, including waste from abattoirs, creameries, and ice cream
manufacture
 Organic or non bio-degradable/difficult-to-treat waste (pharmaceutical or pesticide
manufacturing) 22

VIVEK R BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Origin of Wastewater or sewage contd..

 Extreme pH waste (from acid/alkali manufacturing, metal plating)

 Toxic waste (metal plating, cyanide production, pesticide manufacturing, etc.)
 Solids and Emulsions (paper manufacturing, foodstuffs, lubricating and hydraulic oil
manufacturing, etc.); agricultural drainage, direct and diffuse.

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VIVEK R BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Wastewater constituents- Broader classification

The various types of water pollutants can be classified in to following major categories:

(1) Organic pollutants

(2) Pathogens

(3) Nutrients and agriculture runoff

(4) Suspended solids and sediments (organic and inorganic)

(5) Inorganic pollutants (salts and metals)

(6) Thermal Pollution, and

(7) Radioactive pollutants. 24

VIVEK R BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Wastewater constituents
The composition of wastewater varies widely. This is a partial list of what it may contain:
 Water ( > 95%) which is often added during flushing to carry waste down a drain

 Pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, prions and parasitic worms

 Non-pathogenic bacteria (> 100,000 / ml for sewage)

 Organic particles such as feces, hairs, food, vomit, paper fibers, plant material, humus, etc.
 Soluble organic material such as urea, fruit sugars, soluble proteins, drugs, pharmaceuticals,
etc.

 Inorganic particles such as sand, grit, metal particles, ceramics, etc.

 Soluble inorganic material such as ammonia, road-salt, sea-salt, cyanide, hydrogen sulfide,
thiocyanates, thiosulfates, etc. 25

VIVEK R BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Animals such as protozoa, insects, arthropods, small fish, etc.

 Macro-solids such as sanitary napkins, nappies/diapers, condoms, needles, children's

toys, dead animals or plants, etc.
 Gases such as hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, methane, etc.

 Emulsions such as paints, adhesives, mayonnaise, hair colorants, emulsified oils, etc.

 Toxins such as pesticides, poisons, herbicides, etc.

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VIVEK R BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Pollutants Impact
Organic pollutants
1.Oxygen demanding wastes Depletion of the DO (< 4mg/L) will be a serious problem greatly affecting aquatic life,
2. Synthetic organic pollutants Most of these compounds are toxic and biorefractory organics.
3. Oil Responsible for endangering water birds and coastal plants, cause reduction of light
transmission and photosynthesis.
Pathogens Number of diseases transmitted by pathogens available in Wastewater
Nutrients Growth of undesirable aquatic life and causes groundwater pollution.
Thermal pollutants When organic matter is also present, the bacterial action increases due to rise in
temperature; hence, resulting in rapid decrease of DO. It also results in thermal
stratification which alters spectrum of organisms.
Radioactive pollutants These isotopes are toxic to life forms; accumulate in bones, teeth cause serious disorders
Suspended solids and Presence of suspended solids can block the sunlight penetration in the water. Finer
sediments suspended solids such as silt and coal dust may fishes and cause asphyxiation.
Inorganic pollutants These pollutants include mineral acids, inorganic salts, trace elements, metals, metals
compounds, complexes of metals with organic compounds, cyanides, sulphates, etc. They
have adverse effect on aquatic flora and fauna and may constitute a public health
problem.

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 Overall theme of the course

Treatment
Physical, Treated
Waste water
chemical & water
biological

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What is physico-chemical treatment?

Physical treatment of water and wastewater as a process applied to water and wastewater in
which no chemical changes occur (e.g. Sedimentation, flocculation, froth flotation)

Chemical treatment of water and wastewater as a process applied to water and wastewater
in which chemical changes occur (e.g. oxidation, chemical precipitation)

In the overall sense,

Physical–chemical treatment of water and wastewater is a process applied to water and
wastewater in which chemical changes may or may not occur.
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VIVEK R BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

The need for wastewater treatment and reuse

  Water recycling: Reuse of treated wastewater for beneficial purposes such as agricultural and
landscape irrigation, industrial processes, toilet flushing, and replenishing a ground water basin
(referred to as ground water recharge).
 Water recycling offers resource and financial savings.

 Other major benefits include improved agricultural production; reduced energy consumption
associated with production, treatment, and distribution of water; and significant environmental
benefits, such as reduced nutrient loads to receiving waters due to reuse of the treated wastewater
 Wastewater treatment can be tailored to meet the water quality requirements of a planned
reuse. 30

VIVEK R BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Recycled water for landscape irrigation requires less treatment than recycled water for
drinking water.
 No documented cases of human health problems due to contact with recycled water that
has been treated to standards, criteria, and regulations have been reported.

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 Reuse of wastewater- A historical overview

 Domestic wastewater used for irrigation by prehistoric civilizations (e.g., Mesopotamian,

Indus valley, and Minoan) since the Bronze Age (ca. 3200–1100 BC)

 Wastewater for disposal, irrigation, and fertilization purposes by Hellenic civilizations and
later by Romans in areas surrounding cities (e.g., Athens and Rome)

 In more recent history, the “sewage farms” (i.e.,wastewater application to the land for disposal
and agricultural use) were operated in Bunzlau (Silesia) in 1531 and in Edinburgh (Scotland) in
1650, where wastewater was used for beneficial crop production
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Wastewater Treatment and Reuse: Past, Present, and Future VIVEK R BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Andreas N. Angelakis, and Shane A. Snyder. Water 2015, 7, 4887-4895
 First sewage farms: At Gennevilliers in 1872 Paris, processed wastewater of the entire town
and subseuqently used for irrigating lands of four cities Gennevilliers (900 ha) and Achères
(Achères plain, 1400 ha, Pierrelaye, 2010 ha and Triel, 950 ha.

 Modern sewage systems: in the mid-nineteenth century as a reaction to the increase of

unsanitary conditions brought on by heavy industrialization and urbanization.
 Cholera outbreaks occurred in 1832, 1849, and 1855 in London, killing tens of thousands of
people due to contaminated water supplies

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Wastewater Treatment and Reuse: Past, Present, and Future
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Andreas N. Angelakis, and Shane A. Snyder. Water 2015, 7, 4887-4895 VIVEK R
Harappan civilization: waste water management

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VIVEK R BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Water pollution in India A major environmental issue in India

Major Issues
Untreated sewage
• Lack of sufficient water treatment plants and existing plants
poorly maintained
• Out of 3,119 towns and cities, only 209 have partial sewage
treatment facilities
• The river water polluted by the untreated water is used for
drinking, bathing, and washing
• The scientific analysis of water samples from 1995 to 2008 indicates that the organic and
bacterial contamination is severe in water bodies of India. 35

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Organic matter
Very high BOD (Biological oxygen demand) levels in almost all rivers (> 250 mg/L)

Acceptable limits: 5-day BOD between

 1 and 2 mg O/L a very clean water,
 3 to 8 mg O/L moderately clean water,
 8 to 20 borderline water,
 > 20 mg O/L  ecologically-unsafe, polluted water.
Coliform levels

Rivers Yamuna, Ganga, Gomti, Ghaghara, Chambal, Mahi, Vardha are amongst the other

most coliform polluted water bodies in India (>500 MPN/100 ml), while MPN < 100/
100 ml is acceptable 36

VIVEK R BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Other issues

 As per the joint study by PGIMER and Punjab Pollution Control Board in 2008, in
villages along the Nullah, fluoride, mercury, beta-endosulphan and heptachlor pesticide were
more than permissible limit (MPL) in ground and tap water.
 Water also had high concentration of COD and BOD (chemical and biochemical oxygen
demand), ammonia, phosphate, chloride, chromium, arsenic and chlorpyrifos pesticide.
 The ground water also contains nickel and selenium, while the tap water has high
concentration of lead, nickel and cadmium.

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VIVEK R BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Supporting wastewater reuse by GOI

 Government of India has taken many concrete initiatives to promote reuse of wastewater.
 Enforced mandatory water reuse targets for industries
 Cities set their own targets. For example, Delhi has adopted aspirational reuse targets to treat
and reuse 25% of total sewage produced by 2017, and increase the same to 50% by 2022, and
to 80% by 2027

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Initiatives by municipalities across India
 Surat Municipal Corporation (SMC) constructed a 40 MLD reuse plant in 2014 to supply
reclaimed water to Pandesara Industrial Estate.
 Chennai Metro Water Supply and Sanitation Board (CMWSSB) awarded a PPP-based reuse
project contract in 2016 to develop 45 MLD reuse capacity on the design, build, and operate (DBO)
model to supply non-potable water to industries.

 Bengaluru’s water utility built a 10 MLD tertiary treatment plant at Yellahanka that supplies
reclaimed water to Bengaluru International airport.
 Maharashtra Generation Company (MAHAGENCO) and Nagpur Municipal Corporation
(NMC) jointly invested in a reuse project where treated water from an STP is further treated and
39
used as cooling water.
VIVEK R BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Classification of treated wastewaters
STW Meets CPCB discharge norms and usually discharged into water bodies

Sand and carbon filtration Pre-treatment depth filtration that removes suspended solids
Grade I water Can be used for gardening, toilet flushing and cleaning

Micro/ultra filtration Using semi-permeable membrane removes micro particulate solids

Grade II water Can be used for low-end industrial uses like cooling

Reverse osmosis Membrane-based RO process removes dissolved solids in water

Grade III water Can be used as process water in many industries

Ultraviolet treatment Disinfection process to inactivate bacteria and microbial pathogens

Grade IV water Can be used as potable water for human consumption

Demineralization Ion exchange/equivalent process to remove some constituents from

water
Grade V water Can be used for in precision industries such as electronics 40
 Wastewater treatment and management: The role of engineers
Combined efforts of persons having good knowledge in civil, mechanical, environmental and
chemical engineering.

 To design the water treatment plant and city sewage system

 To create the layout for entire system used by municipalities to transport and treat discarded water
 To restructure outdated sewage systems (retrofitting)
 To oversee the process for wastewater treatment companies to obtain needed licenses and permits
 To implement plans such as working with state agencies to make sure that the wastewater plant
follows regulatory guidelines
 To help manage the contracts a plant holds with third parties, and overseeing incoming project
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bids and terms
VIVEK R BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Requirement: The facility must be retrofitted in order to deal with the growing volume of
wastewater produced by residents and commercial customers, as well as to comply with
increasingly strict regulations governing the treatment and discharge of wastewater to the
environment.

 To identify problems and issues with the current plant's operation

(For e.x. the plant's capacity will be reached within the next few years, so expansion is a big priority. There are
also new effluent guidelines that have lowered acceptable levels for coliform discharge and other potential
contaminants that will be difficult to meet with the current chlorine disinfection system)

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http://www.eco.ca/career-profiles/water-and-wastewater-plant-engineer/ VIVEK R BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 To evaluate alternatives and new technologies to replace outdated equipment and
address capacity and disinfection issues.
(Part of this evaluation involves preliminary costing for different alternatives, which involves
not only determining the initial costs of equipment and installation, but also a lifecycle cost)

 To develop a coordinated plan for construction and implementation. 

(the hardest part because the plan must allow for ongoing treatment while the work is being done)

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VIVEK R BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Treatment and reuse of domestic sewage waste

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Source: http://www.build.com.au/files/images/Septic_systems.jpg VIVEK R BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Treatment of industrial waste water

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VIVEK R
https://www.hach.com/mdf_cb8d942b6ae03034fac5360b9847f18b44/en/hach_com/cms/images/diagrams/Virtual-Wastewater-Plant.png BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Scheme for the industrial reuse of reclaimed water in a city

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https://www.pwc.in/assets/pdfs/publications/2016/pwc-closing-the-water- VIVEK R BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

loop-reuse-of-treated-wastewater-in-urban-india.pdf
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https://www3.epa.gov/region9/water/recycling/ VIVEK R BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus