LEGAL, ETHICAL,

AND SOCIETAL
ISSUES IN MEDIA
AND INFORMATION
 As media consumers, we are entitled
to certain freedoms to exercise our
basic rights in society.

However, illegal activities will always appear

and harm both sides.
 Human Rights
a set of entitlements and protections
regarded as necessary to protect the
dignity and self-worth of a human being.
 4. No slavery.
5. No torture.
Universal
6. You have rights no matter
Declaration of where you go.
Human Rights 7. Were all equal before the
simplified version: law.
8. Your human rights are
protected by law.
1. We are all born free and
9. No unfair detainment.
equal.
10. The right to trial.
2. Don’t discriminate.
11. We’re always innocent till
3. The right to life.
proven guilty.
12. The right to privacy.
13. Freedom to move.
14. The right to seek a safe
place to live.
15. Right to a nationality.
16. Marriage and family.
17. The right to your own
things.
18. Freedom of thought.
19. Freedom of expression.
20. The right to public
assembly.
21. The right to democracy.
22. Social security.
23. Workers’ rights.
24. The right to play.
25. Food and shelter for all.
26. The right to education.
27. Copyright.
28. A fair and free world.
29. Responsibility.
30. No one can take away
your human rights.
 Equality
Ideology
Ethics
athe
set
theidea
ofrules
ideas
thatorproposed
everyone,
standardsby
irrespective
that
thegovern
dominant
of
class
age, of
gender,
a someone’s
society
religion,
to all
conduct.
and
members
ethnicity
of the
is
entitled tosociety.
the same rights.
 INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION-
RELATED FREEDOMS
 Code of Ethics
the set of principles of conduct for journalists,
which describe the appropriate behavior to
meet the highest professional standards.
 Freedom of the press
the media in general, being free from direct
censorship or control by government.
 Freedom of speech
the freedom to speak freely without censorship
or limitation or both.
 Freedom of expression
a fundamental human right used to indicate not
only the freedom of verbal speech but any act of
seeking, receiving, and imparting information.
 Hate speech
any communication that incites hatred of a
defined group of people be of their collective
characteristics.
 Freedom of information
the right of citizens to access information held
by public bodies.
 Gatekeeper
a generic term applied to anyone who has the
role of filtering ideas and information for
publication or broadcasting.
 LAWS AFFECTING MEDIA
AND MEDIA USAGE
■ Constitutional Provisions
■ Libel Law
■ Intellectual Property Code
■ E-commerce Law
■ Optical Media Act
■ Anti-Camcording Law
■ Cybercrime Law
CONSTITUTIONAL
PROVISIONS
Meanwhile,
Article III Section
Section4 7ofstates
the 1987
that,Philippine
Constitution states that,

“No law shall be passed abridging the freedom

“The right of the people to information on matters of
speech, of expression, or of the press, or the right of the
of public concerns shall be recognized..”
people peaceably to assemble and petition the
government for redress of grievances.”
LIBEL LAW
This means
Article thatRevised
353 of the anyonePenal
cannot publicly
Code smear the
of the Philippines
defines libel reputation
as, of another person.

“a public
That andreason
is the malicious imputation
why, whenever of we
a crime, or ofita
critique,
vice or defect,
should real be
always or imaginary, or anya act,
framed within omission,
justifiable
condition, status,
constructive or circumstance
critical framework to tending
avoidtobeing
cause sued
the
dishonor, discredit, or contempt of a natural or juridical
for libel.
person, or to blacken the memory of one who is dead.”
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
CODE
Republic Act no. 8293 or IP Code is the overall
law protecting copyrights and all kinds of
intellectual property creations including patents,
trademarks, and fair use.

The IP Code should be enough to cover copyright

holders and punish violations in intellectual
property infringements.
E-COMMERCE LAW

The Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 (Republic

Act No. 8792) protects mostly financial and
commercial transactions online.

However, it also covers hacking and illegal

downloading of copyrighted materials.
OPTICAL MEDIA ACT

The Optical Media Act of 2003 (Republic Act No.

9239) wanted to ensure the protection of specific
media products subjected to illegal duplication or
piracy.

The pirated DVDs and CD raids you see on TV is

usually spearheaded by the government office
running this law.
ANTI-CAMCORDING LAW

The Anti-Camcording Law (Republic Act No. 10088)

might be familiar to moviegoers who watch regularly at
the cinemas.

This law aims to prevent the illegal video camera

recording of movies currently shown in theaters, as
evident in the awareness campaigns they play before
each movie in the country.
CYBERCRIME LAW
The latest law called Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012
(Republic Act No. 10175) covers all other online
anomalies such as identity theft, child pornography, data
misuse, cybersquatting, and other computer-related and
internet-facilitated practices.

This law became controversial in 2012 and 2013 since it

also criminalizes libel in the online world, limiting
certain exercises of freedom of expression.
CRIMES AFFECTING MEDIA
AND MEDIA USAGE
■ PIRACY
■ CENSORSHIP
“the unauthorized copying, reproductions,
dissemination, or distribution…
“the practice of suppressing material that is
…through
considered the usepolitically,
morally, of telecommunication
or otherwise
networks, such as, but not limited to, the internet,
objectionable.”
in a manner that infringes intellectual property
rights.”
 LEGAL ISSUES
■ Intellectual
Fair Use Property
Pertains to the output of a person’s
intellectual
Refers to pursuit, suchofasahis
the copying literary and
copyrighted
artistic works,
material, inventions,
with the purpose logos,
of usingsymbols,
it for a
and signs,
review, as well as critic,
commentary, namesorand images
parody, used
without
forneed
the commercial purpose orfrom
to ask permission advertisements.
the copyright
owner.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
■■ Patent
Trademark
Copyright

APertains
Refers totoaan
copyrighted specific
exclusive
materialsign right
associated
granted
is protected bywith
to an
law aand
invention.
particular
cannot It protects
just bebrand
usedthe
of
andowner
goods from
or services.
reproduced other people
without
who deliberately
Companies permission.
or unintentionally
use a trademark copy his
to distinguish their
products from other
Otherwise, invention.
available
violation of such and
cansimilar
merit products
legal
insanctions.
the market.
 LEGAL ISSUES
■ Plagiarism
A form of stealing.
The act of using another person’s words or ideas without
giving him/her credit. It may also be the presentation of
someone else’s work as your own, with or without their
consent, by incorporating it into your work without full
acknowledgement.
To avoid this, proper citation will do.
 DIGITAL DIVIDE
Refers to the economic, educational, and
social inequalities experienced by those who
cannot afford to have computer and Internet
access.
It can also pertain to the gap on the kind of
information which can be accessed.
INFORMATION ADDICTION

Described as the compulsive and excessive use of

information and communication technology.
It is the desire to get connected for fear of missing
out on the latest news that it interferes with daily
functions and social interactions.
Gadgets have now become the center of a person’s
life.
 VIRTUAL SELF
Pertains to one’s representation in the virtual
world, which exists online and is only available
once a person is connected to the Internet.

E-mail accounts, multiplayer online role-playing

games, avatars, and emojis are examples of this.
 CYBERBULLYING
It is a form of bullying or harassment using electronic
means. Cyberbullying and cyber harassment are also
known as online bullying. It has become increasingly
common, especially among teenagers. Cyberbullying is
when someone, typically teens, bully or harass other on
social media sites.
 NETIQUETTE
Refers to network etiquette, and is
defined as “conventional requirements as
to social behavior…”
Denotes the proper attitude that one
should observe when communicating
online.
 CORE
RULES OF
NETIQUET
TE
 NETIQUETTE OF SENDING

■ Sending Emails
i. Message Headers
ii. Body
iii.Attachments
■ Sending Messages on Social Media
 Think before you click.
 NETIQUETTE OF
REPLYING
■ Replying on Email
■ Replying on Social Media
 NETIQUETTE OF
CONFIDENTIALITY

■ Asking Permission
■ Sharing Private Information
 DANGERS OF THE
INTERNET
■ Internet and Computer Addictions
■ Vulnerability to Online Crimes