BASIC CONCEPTS

OF RESEARCH
REPORT OF:
MR. RAFFY S. PAGOROGON
MISS ERIKA DIANNE SALMA
! INTRODUCTION OF THE TOPIC BE REPORTED
BY:
 RESEARCH
• Careful or inquiry especially through search for
new facts in any branch of knowledge.

• It is an art of scientific investigation .

• It is a scientific and systematic search for

knowledge/information on specific topic.
 motivation
Desire to get a
research degree Desire to be
along with its
consequences and 1 4 of service of
society.
benefits.

Desire to face
Desire to get
the challenges
in solving 2 5 respectability
problem. .

Desire to get
intellectual joy
3

of doing some
creative work.
To find out the To discover answers to Broad grouping
questions through 1. Exploratory or
truth which is application of scientific formulative
hidden and research research
which is not 2. Descriptive
been hidden research
3. Diagnostic
Research
Inculcates scientific Provides the basis It is equally important
and inductive for nearly all for social scientist in
thinking and it government studying relationship
promotes the policies in our and in seeking answers
development of economic system. to various social
logical habits of problems.
thinking and
organization.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:
 Research Methodology is the complete plan of attack on the central research
problem. It provides the overall structure for the procedures that the researcher
follows, the data that the researcher collects, and the data analyses that the
researcher conducts, thus involves planning. It is a plan with the central goal of
solving the research problem in mind. Research methodology describing how the
study was conducted. 
 It includes; research design, Study population, sample and sample size, methods
of data collection, methods of data analysis and anticipation of the study. 
 Research methodology refers to a philosophy of research process. It includes the
assumptions and values that serve a rationale for research and the standards or
criteria the researcher uses for collecting and interpreting data and reaching at
conclusions 
 In other words research methodology determines the factors such as how to write
hypothesis and what level of evidence is necessary to make decisions on whether
to accept or reject the hypothesis.
UNIT OF ANALYSIS
 One of the most important ideas in a research project is the unit of analysis. The
unit of analysis is the major entity that you are analyzing in your study. For
instance, any of the following could be a unit of analysis in a study:
• individuals
• groups
• artifacts (books, photos, newspapers)
• geographical units (town, census tract, state)
• social interactions (dyadic relations, divorces, arrests)
 The unit of analysis is the major entity that you are analyzing in your study. It is the
‘what ‘or ‘who’ that is being studied. Units of analysis are essentially the things we
examine in order to create summary descriptions of them and explain differences
among them. Units of analysis that are commonly used in social science research
include individuals, groups, organizations, social artifacts, and social interactions.
POPULATION OF THE STUDY
A population in a research study is a   group of individual’s persons,
objects, or items from which samples are taken for measurement .A
population is   group about which some information is sought.
A research population is also known as a well-defined collection of
individuals or objects known to have similar characteristics. All
individuals or objects within a certain population usually have a
common, binding characteristic or trait.
 Population for study, such a population must be specific enough to
provide readers a clear understanding of the applicability of  study
to their particular situation and their understanding of that same
population.
SAMPLING
A sample is a subset of the population being studied. It
represents the larger population and is used to draw
inferences about that population. It is a research
technique widely used in the social sciences as a way
to gather information about a population without
having to measure the entire population.
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
 1. FOCUS GROUP
 -Focus Group Discussion (FGD) is a method of data collection which
is frequently used to collect in-depth qualitative data in various
descriptive studies such as case studies, phenomenological and
naturalistic studies). The main goal of Focus Group Discussion is to
provide an opportunity for the participants to talk to one another
about a specific area of study. The facilitator is there to guide the
discussion. A focus group discussion allows a group of 8 – 12
informants to freely discuss a certain subject with the guidance of a
facilitator or reporter.
 2. INTERVIEW
 - Interview is one of the popular methods of research data collection.
The term interview can be dissected into two terms as, ‘inter’ and
‘view’. The essence of interview is that one mind tries to read the other.
The interviewer tries to assess the interviewed in terms of the aspects
studied or issues analyzed. Good approach to gather in-depth
attitudes, beliefs, and anecdotal data from individual patrons. Personal
contact with participants might elicit richer and more detailed
responses. Provides an excellent opportunity to probe and explore
questions.
 3. OBSERVATION

- Observation is a technique that involves systematically
selecting, watching and recording behavior and
characteristics of living beings, objects or phenomena.
Observation of human behavior is a much-used data
collection technique. 
4. SURVEY

-Best for gathering brief written responses on attitudes, beliefs
regarding library programs. Can include both close-ended and
open-ended questions. Can be administered in written form or
online. Personal contact with the participants is not required.
Staff and facilities requirements are minimal, since one
employee can easily manage the distribution and collection of
surveys, and issues such as privacy, quiet areas, etc. are typically
not concerns. Responses are limited to the questions included in
the survey. Participants need to be able to read and write to
respond. Therefore, surveys may not be the best initial data
collection tool.
 RESEARCH METHODS:
 1. SURVEY METHOD
 - The Survey method is the technique of gathering data by asking
questions to people who are thought to have desired information.
Surveys involve collecting information, usually from fairly large
groups of people, by means of questionnaires but other techniques
such as interviews or telephoning may also be used. There are
different types of survey. Surveys are effective to produce information
on socio-economic characteristics, attitudes, opinions, motives etc
and to gather information for planning product features, advertising
media, sales promotion, channels of distribution and other marketing
variables.
2. EXPERIMENTS METHOD
- Experimental research is guided by educated guesses
that guess the result of the experiment. An experiment
is conducted to give evidence to this experimental
hypothesis. Experimental research, although very
demanding of time and resources, often produces the
soundest evidence concerning hypothesized cause-
effect relationships.
 3. CASE STUDY METHOD
 - Case study research involves an in-depth study of an individual or group
of individuals. Case studies often lead to testable hypotheses and allow us
to study rare phenomena. Case studies should not be used to determine
cause and effect, and they have limited use for making accurate
predictions. The case study research draws upon their work  on six steps
that should be used:
• Determine and define the research questions
• Select the cases and determine data gathering and analysis techniques
• Prepare to collect the data
• Collect data in the field
• Evaluate and analyze the data
• Prepare the report
 4. OBSERVATION METHOD
- The observation method involves human or mechanical observation of what
people actually do or what events take place during a consumption situation.
“Information is collected by observing process at work.
 Observational trials study  issues in large groups of people but in natural settings.
Studies which involve observing people can be divided into two main categories,
namely participant observation and non- participant observation.
A ) In participant observation studies- The researcher becomes (or is
already) part of the group to be observed. This involves fitting in, gaining the trust
of members of the group and at the same time remaining sufficiently detached as
to be able to carry out the observation.
 B) In non-participant observation studies- The researcher is not part of the
group being studied. The researcher decides in advance precisely what kind of
behavior is relevant to the study and can be realistically and ethically observed.
The observation can be carried out in a few different ways.
! TYPES OF RESEARCH TO BE REPORTED BY:
 1
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

uate To present facts and information which

already exist as present.
The basic example are summary of an
article or result of an experiment.
 ANALYTICAL
2
RESEARCH
To compare, analyze, and evaluate
something.
It include facts or information, analyze
these to make critical evaluation.
 APPLIED RESEARCH
To find solution for immediate
problem facing a society. 3
It is used to answer a specific question.
 FUNDAMENTAL
RESEARCH
Its main concern is with
generalization and with
formulation of theory. 4

It is driven purely by curiosity.

QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
To gain understanding reasons,
opinions and motivations.
The common methods include:
focus groups, individual
interviews, and observations. 5
 6
QUANTITATIVE RESEAR
To quantify the problem by way of
generating numerical data or data
can be transformed into usable
statistics.
It include various forms of
surveys.
CONCEPTUAL 7
RESEARCH
It is a popular method in
social sciences and
psychology.
It is related to some theory or
concepts.
 APPLIED RESEARCH

It is mostly used in scientific

8
studies.
It relies on experience or
observation without theory.