Week 2

Science 10
January 4 – 9, 2021
 Objectives:
• Determine the different diseases involving male and female
reproductive system;
• Differentiate positive and negative feedback mechanisms;
and
• Inculcate the value of healthy diet.
Common Disorders of the Female and
Male Reproductive System
• Epididymitis
• Prostate Cancer
• Male Infertility
• Cervical Cancer
• Dysmenorrhea
• Amenorrhea
• Sterility
• Vaginitis
 Common Disorders of the Female
Reproductive System
• Dysmenorrhea – characterized by severe pain during
menstruation
• Amenorrhea – Abnormal absence of menstruation
• Oligomenorrhea – Abnormal and infrequent period
• Sterility – Unable to reproduce offspring. In females, the
fallopian tubes are blocked, which can cause the failure of the
ovaries to produce eggs.
• Vaginitis – A vaginal infection or irritation. One of the symptoms
is burning sensation during urination.
Cervical Cancer – the cancer cells grow in the
cervix
Symptoms:
Pain after sexual intercourse
Increased vaginal discharge
Bleeding after a pelvic examination
The menstrual bleeding is heavier or lasts longer than usual
Treatment:
Surgery
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy
Male Infertility– produces low amount of sperm cells
Symptoms:
Inability to conceive
Baldness

Treatment:
Surgery/Medications
Lifestyle changes
Assisted Reproductive Treatment (ART) to enhance semen
production
Prostate Cancer – cancer cells grow in the prostate
Symptoms:
Inability to conceive Back pain, blood in the urine or semen, pain or
discomfort while urinating, the patient gets up often during the
night to urinate
Baldness Early stage prostate cancers are detected only through a
digital rectal exam

Treatment:
Surgery
Radiation therapy and chemotherapy
Epididymitis – the inflammation of the epididymis
Symptoms:
Pain in the testes, redness or swelling of the scrotum, hardness or
soreness in the affected testicle, blood in the semen
Treatment:
Hot baths to ease the pain and help relieve swelling
The patient needs to wear an athletic supporter for several weeks
 Keeping the Male Reproductive System Healthy
• To prevent hernias, men should be careful when lifting heavy
objects.
• It is important to thoroughly clean the external organs – the penis
and scrotum – daily, preferably during a shower or bath.
• The groin area or the area of the external sexual organs should be
protected during athletic activities by wearing a protector or
supporter.
• Tight clothing should be avoided since tight trousers, jeans, or
underwear can irritate or cause pain in the groin area. Tight jeans
increase testicular problems.
A hernia happens when
an internal organ
pushes through a weak
spot in your muscle or
tissue. 
 Keeping the Female Reproductive System Healthy
• During the menstrual period, cleanliness is especially important.
Hormonal changes may cause the skin and hair to become oily and
the body to perspire more heavily. Use mild soap to wash the
external organs.
• When the menstrual flow mixes with air outside the body, it can
develop a slight odor. It is important to change sanitary pads or
tampons every few hours.
• For athletic females, always wear protective clothing.
• Healthful habits start with
cleanliness and disciplining
ourselves with the right amount
and kind of food we eat. It reflects
the overall wellness of an individual
to carry out everyday activities
without any related problems with
the reproductive system.
• Eating a well-balanced diet, calorie
intake, proteins, vitamins and
minerals promote better health.
• Adequate nutrition is very
important for the development of
the male and female reproductive
system
 Positive & Negative Feedback Mechanisms
• They are both ways that homeostasis controls/keeps the body at
equilibrium.
• Positive does not mean good; negative does not mean bad.
• Positive feedback tends to reinforce the change that is occurring (childbirth,
blood clotting, fruit ripening).
• Negative feedback resulting in the inhibition or the slowing down of a
process.
• But most mechanisms in the human body are negative feedback mechanism
(blood glucose levels, pH levels, blood pressure and body temperature)
 Positive Feedback Mechanism
• Positive Feedback – initial stimulus
produces a response that reinforce
the stimulus or accelerates
processes that need to be
completed quickly
• Example of processes controlled by
positive feedback in the human
body include childbirth, ovulation,
and blood clotting
 Negative Feedback Mechanism
• Negative feedback – make adjustments
to bring the body back within an
acceptable range.
• It decreases the intensity of the stimulus
or eliminates it.
• But most mechanisms in the human
body are negative feedback mechanism
(blood glucose levels, pH levels, blood
pressure and body temperature)
 When Homeostasis Fails
• Homeostatic mechanisms work continuously to maintain stable conditions in
the human body. However, the mechanisms fail. When they do, homeostatic
imbalance may result, in which cells may not get everything they need or toxic
wastes may accumulate in the body.
• If homeostasis is not restored, the imbalance may lead to disease or even
death. Diabetes is an example of a disease caused by homeostatic imbalance. In
the case of diabetes, blood glucose levels are no longer regulated and may be
dangerously high.
• Medical intervention can help restore homeostasis and possible prevent
permanent permanent damage to the organism.
• Blood sugar level less than 140 mg/dL is normal; reading between 140 and 199
mg/dL indicate prediabetes.