Chapter one

Site works and setting out

 Site work
• Site is a piece of land on which building is to
be constructed.
• Site may be small, large or too large as per
dimensions of its boundary
• It has certain shape which may be regular or
irregular.
• The location of site must be clear and then
site visit should be done and work.
Site work
• May have approach or not, which should be a
legal point entry or exist.
• Has dimension and topography which are
measured by engineering survey. And find out
NORTH direction.
• Topography of site must be studied and also
level and counter lines of land which is decided
from MSL (Main Sea Level) or any known
permanent reference Bench Mark (BM).
• To write and observe the surrounding site, like
that- building, drains, river, nature
sources/surface, electrical poles, pond,
landfills trees etc.
• To check and confirm the land of ownership,
land record ( Lalpurja),legal matter related to
site.
• The designer should be designed any building
regarding the type and nature of soil available at
different depth at site. That is why, for design
following operation should be taken:-

1.Site investigation 2. Site Preparation

3. Setting out plan of
 Site investigation
• Site Investigation is the process of collecting information,
assessment of the data and reporting potential hazards beneath
a site which are unknown.
• is the initial and very important procedure to be carried out
before construction and design work. It gives us the brief
knowledge of the surrounding and built environment of the site.
• They can be categorized as :-
• 1. Sub- Surface features :- a) Geology: - bed rock, land
structure
• b) Hydrology:- Water table, underground water level
• c) Soil-natural: - deposition of soil, strata of soil, hardness,
softness, study of S.B.C. of soil.
 Site investigation
• 2. Naturals features :- a) Climate :- precipitation of
rainfall, humidity, solar orientation and shading
angle.
• b) Vegetation: - presence of plants, forests, bushes
etc.
• c) Wildlife: - animal life around the site
• d) Hydrology: - rivers, lakes, pond
• e) Slope: - counter of land, facing of slope and
direction
 Site investigation
• 3. Man made features:-
• a) utilities:-water, drainage, electricity, telephone
lines, etc.
• b) Circulation: - the distance of road from the site.
• c) Transit: - junction of roads or pavements.
• d)Environment:- surrounding area and neighborhood.
• e) Culture: - neighboring ethics and culture
• f) Aesthetics: - presences of symbolic icons, land
trade marks, view from the site.
 Site investigation
• Is the first step, prior to the design and construction
of a structure?
• Means to collect systematically and record all the
necessary data.
• Is specially related to the study of all neighboring
quarries, existing structures, drainages, nallas, well,
old pits and nature of soil at different level/depth and
so on.
 Purpose of site investigation

• The purpose of a site investigation is to identify

the ground conditions which might affect the
proposed development. It enables better
understanding of the site and immediate surroundings,
which will enable safe and economic developments.
• Site investigations can be required for both
geotechnical and geo-environmental purposes and for
many projects it would be advantageous to combine
the investigations with resulting economics in cost,
time and site disruption.
 Objectives of Site Investigation

• The objective of the site investigation is to

characterize the ground conditions sufficiently to
allow safe and economic design to be developed and
to reduce, as far as possible, the occurrence and
impact of unforeseen conditions.

• To assess the general suitability of the site with the

proposed works
 Objectives of Site Investigation
• To help produce a design which is adequate and
economic
• To help overcome possible difficulties & delays that
may arise during construction period due to ground
and other local conditions
• To predict possible changes that may occur/cause of
all changes in site condition
• To maximize potential of the site
 Site Preparation

• Site preparation involves the demolition or wrecking

of buildings and other structures, clearing of
building sites and sale of materials from demolished
structures.
• Site preparation also entails blasting, test drilling,
landfill, leveling, earth-moving,
excavating, land drainage and other land preparation.
• So some points are as follow:-
• Site approach consideration: - must be need for
entry or exist to site. So that easy transporting all the
building materials for proposed works.
• Storage consideration: - where as stored the
materials security, weather protection etc.
• Accommodation consideration: - where as site staff
to be accommodated, sitting workers and making
temporary spaces used for during construction period.
• Hording and Fencing: - to be erecting structure of
wire/wall/wood or to make enclosing site for secure.
• Decide the location of materials in proper places:
- like that cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate,
formworks, timber storage, excavation earth, filling
materials, scaffold storage, bricks, water, etc.
• Land or level should be clearing: - the obstruction
and rubbish should be cleared off before doing any
work on the site.
 Step of site preparation
• Site clearing
• Site surveying
• Soil testing
• Site excavation and earth work
• Underground utility mapping
• Site plan design
 Setting out plan of foundation

• It is the process of developing the physical positions

of corners and walls of a building, and it’s done by
transferring dimensions from the layout plan (also
called as setting out plan, demarcation plan) to the
ground.
• The setting out clearly defines the outline of the
excavations and the centre line of the walls, so that
the construction can be carried out according to the
plan.
 Setting out plan of foundation
•Setting out is done on the principle of whole to part.
According to this principle the largest possible
rectangle of the building is found and set out. The
rectangle is further partitioned into small parts
(internal rooms).

•The first thing we need to establish is a parallel/

reference/ base line, to which all other lines can be
related. This can be taken along an existing building
close to the proposed new structure/ boundary wall
 Procedure for Setting Out Building
Foundation
• In this procedure following materials are required (for
residential building):-
• 1. Wooden pegs 2. Nails Hammer 4. Thread
(String)
• 5. Measuring Tape (30 M.)
• 6. Trench plan of foundation 7. White lime 8.
Profile Boards 9. Workers
• First of all check the land and trench plan drawing.
• To find out proper position of any one center point
of trench plan of wall or foundation
• To fix the first one center point by driven wooden
peg and fix the Profile Board at least 1m. far from
corner point of center line.
• To mark center line as per-long and short wall
• Dimension of center line be given
cumulatively(sum of length) or separately
• To make the center line of wall by stretching a string
between wooden pegs driven at its end and nail fixed
on the peg by used of Hammer.
• To make the center line by white lime of all the wall
of the bld.
• The center line should be perpendicular or not, which
is checked by setting up builder’s
• Square OR by using 3-4-5 Triangle method (Theorem
of Pythagoras)
• Which is measured by Measuring Tape
• The alternative method of setting out, Right Angle is
by used of Theodolite
• The diagonal(Hypotenuse) from the opposite corners
should be checked which dimension must be similar
with the given dimension of the drawing paper
• After setting out process is completed to start
excavation for foundation.
– 1 Ropani (R)) = 74ft.X 74ft. = 5476 sq.ft. = 16
Anna(A)
– 1 Anna (A) = 342.25 sq.ft. = 4 Paisa(P)
– 1 Paisa (P) = 85.56 sq.ft. = 4 Daam (D)
– 1 Daam = 21.39 sq.ft.