Do-now: Answer in notes

Think of a gift you have received. Did

you try to guess what was inside it
without opening it?
How did you figure it out?
GUESS THE PICTURE
Scanning Electron Microscope
What are you looking at?
What are you looking at?
What are you looking at?
What are you looking at?
What are you looking at?
Chapter 4
Atomic Structure
Objectives
4.1a Explain how Democritus and John Dalton
described atoms.
4.1b Identify instruments used to observe individual
atoms.
4.2a Identify three types of subatomic particles.
4.2b Describe the structure of atoms according to the
Rutherford atomic model
Atoms

An atom is the smallest part of an element

that retains its identity in chemical
reactions
Models Revisited
Why do people use
models?
What models do you
have or have you used?
Early philosophers and
scientists developed
models of the atom to
help explain the nature
of matter
Democritus (460-370 BC)
Greek Philosopher
First proposed the idea
of the “atom”
No real evidence to
support his claim
John Dalton (1766-1844)
English Chemist and
Schoolteacher

Used scientific method

to come up with
Dalton’s Atomic
Theory
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
1. All elements are made of tiny indivisible particles
called atoms
2. Atoms of the same element are identical. The atoms
of any one element are different from those of any
other element
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
3. Atoms of different elements can physically mix
together or can chemically combine in simple whole-
number ratios to form compounds
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
4. Chemical reactions occur when atoms are separated
from each other, joined, or rearranged in a different
combination. Atoms of one element, however, are
never changed to atoms of another element as a result
of a reaction

Atom A Atom B
How small are atoms?
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/sc
ale/
Very small
A copper coin contains 2 x 1022 atoms
Most atomic radii are in the range of 5 x 10-11 to 2 x 10-10
meters
True or False- Dalton’s Theory
“All atoms are identical”
 FALSE- all atoms of a given element are identical
“Chemical reactions occur when atoms of one element
change into atoms of another element”
 FALSE- atoms of one element cannot change into
another element
 So, was
Dalton correct
about atoms?
Electron Microscopes
How can we see atoms?
Electron microscopes use
high speed electrons to
see atoms
Scanning Electron Microscope
Carbon Hydrogen
MORE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cQU2IAsQak8
Do-now: Answer the following
If we did the experiment that we did on Friday, but the
marble passed under the table without being deflected
most of the time, what might you conclude about the
object underneath?
Objectives
4.2a Identify three types of subatomic particles.
4.2b Describe the structure of atoms according to the
Rutherford atomic model
Subatomic Particles
Electrons are negatively
charged subatomic
particles.
Discovered by English
Physicist J.J. Thomson
 Cathode ray: a stream
of electrons produced at
the negative electrode
(cathode) of a tube
containing a gas at low
pressure.
Cathode Ray tube
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xKZRpAsWL8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9Goyscbazk
Robert Milikan’s Experiment

• Measured the charge required to suspend an oil drop

• Determined mass of electron to be 9.10938291 × 10-28 grams
http://www.learnerstv.com/animation/animation.php?ani=186&cat=Chemistry
Protons
Protons are positively
charged subatomic
particles
 Much larger than
electrons
Discovered by Eugen
Goldstein, when he saw
that there existed
another set of particles in
a CRT traveling in the
opposite direction
Neutrons
Neutrons are subatomic
particles with no charge
but have a mass nearly
equal to that of a proton
 Discovered by James
Chadwick
Masses
The gold-foil experiment

Ernest Rutherford and his colleagues

performed the experiment
Rutherford’s Experiment
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XBqHkraf8iE
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/java/rutherf
ord
/
Nucleus
Where have you heard
the term “Nucleus”
before?
The nucleus is the tiny
central core in an atom
and is composed of
protons and neutrons
Objectives- 4.3
4.3a Explain what makes elements and isotopes
different from each other and how isotopes of an
element differ.

4.3b Calculate the atomic mass of an element.

What makes atoms and elements unique?
Atomic and Mass number
Atomic number Mass number
Atomic number is Mass number is the
equal to the number of total number of protons
protons in an atom and neutrons in an atom
 Unique to each element!
Usually equal to number
of electrons as well

# of neutrons = mass number – atomic number

Shorthand Notation
Mass number is in the
superscript (on top)
Atomic number is in the
subscript (on bottom)
197
79 Au How many neutrons does
gold have?
 197-79= 118
How many electrons does
gold have?
 79
Practice with shorthand
Isotopes
Isotopes are atoms that
have the same number of
protons but different
numbers of neutrons
 Neon-20
 Neon-21
 Neon-22
How many protons are
in each?
How many neutrons
are in each?
Use the information given as clues to
finish each row
Number
Element of Number of Number of Atomic Mass
Protons Electrons Neutrons Number Number

Manganese 25   30    

Sodium   11 12    

Bromine 35   45    

Yttrium       39 89

Arsenic   33     75

Actinium         227
Use the information given as clues to
finish each row (Also a periodic table)
Number
Element of Number of Number of Atomic Mass
Protons Electrons Neutrons Number Number

Manganese 25 25  30 25 55 

Sodium 11  11 12 11  23 

Bromine 35 35  45 35  80 

Yttrium  39 39  50  39 89

Arsenic  33 33 42   33 75

Actinium  89 89  138  89  227

HW
Lesson Check 4.2
P. 122, question 51
Finish Lab Questions from Friday
DO-now
In this class, I grade based on 50% Tests, 25% Labs,
and 25% HW.

If you received a 70 on tests, a 93 on HW, and an 85 on

labs, what would your overall grade be?
Objectives- 4.3
4.3a Explain what makes elements and isotopes
different from each other and how isotopes of an
element differ.

4.3b Calculate the atomic mass of an element.

Atomic mass
The mass of atoms are very small
 Instead of referring to their actual mass in grams, we use
something more convenient
Atomic Mass unit (amu)- one twelfth of a carbon
atom
 Same as the mass of a proton or neutron
Atomic mass
We use a mass number
to refer to one individual
atom.
For an element with
many atoms, we use
atomic mass
 Weighted average mass
of the atoms in a
naturally occuring
sample of the element
Calculating atomic mass
You have a sample of carbon that contains 98.89% carbon-
12 (12 amu), and 1.11% carbon-13 (13 amu). What is the
atomic mass?
Weighted average
 Atomic mass = (12.00 amu x 0.9889) + (13.00 amu x 0.011)
 = (11.867 amu) + (0.144 amu)
 = 12.011 amu
Problems!
An element “X” has four major isotopes, which are
listed below along with their abundances. Calculate
the average atomic mass. What is the element?

Isotope Mass Percent

Abundance
46X 45.952630 8.25
47X 46.951764 7.44
48X 48.947947 73.73
49X 48.947871 ?
HW
Complete Vegium Lab
Quiz tomorrow
Test Friday