GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF

PAKISTAN
• Located between
24 degree and 36.75
degree North latitude
and between 61 East to
76 degree East
longitude
• Total Area is
796096 sq kms.
• Stretched about
1600 kms. From
North to South and
about 885 kms
From East to West
 Boundaries of Pakistan

• In the extreme north-East, Common border with China.

• In the west , a long border known as “ Durand Line”
with Afghanistan.
• To the North-west “Wakhan” is a narrow strip of
Afghan territory that separates Pakistan from
Tajikistan.
• To the South-West Pakistan has a common border with
Iran.
• Arabian Sea as Southern Border.
• In the East, a long border with India.
 Pakistan can be divided into seven major
landforms:-
1. The Northern Mountains
2. The Western Mountains
3. The Baluchistan Plateau
4. Potohar Plateau and Salt range
5. The upper Indus Plain
6. The lower Indus Plain
7. Desert areas
 The Northern Mountains
• To the North and North-West of Pakistan,
three ranges of Mountains:-
1. The Himalayas
a. The Outer Himalayas
b. The Lesser Himalayas
c. The Great Himalayas
d. The Inner Himalayas
2. The Karakoram Range
3. The Hindu Kush
 The Himalayas
• Runs from East to West.
• Total length 2430KM
• Average Height 4000 meters.
1. Outer Himalayas Siwaliks
• Low altitude (300 -1000 m)
• Located near Attock
2. Lesser or Lower Himalayas
• North of outer Himalayas
• Medium altitude 5000m
• Represented by Pir Panjal ranges.
• Hill stations like Murree ,Nathia Gali are located here.
Great Himalayas
• the height increases towards North
• North of Pir Panjal Ranges
• Average height is 6500m
• Between Pir Panjal Range and Great Himalayas
Kashmir is located.
• Highest Peak is Nanga Parbat(8126m)
Inner Himalayas
 Ladhakh Range
 Part of Indian occupied Kashmir
 The Karakoram range
• North of Himalayas
• Range runs from East to west
• Includes north Kashmir and Gilgit
• Average height 7000 meters.
• Important peak is K-2(8611m)
• Precipitation in the form of Snow due to High
altitude,
• Upper regions are normally Glaciers (Batora,
Siachen, 78 km)
 Hindu Kush
• North west of Karakoram near Pakistan and
Afghanistan border.
• Chitral and Dir situated in this range
• Important peak is Tirch Mir(7690m)
• Shandur Pass connects Gilgat and Chitral
 Western Mountains
• Comprise of Following ranges:-
1. Swat and chitral Hills
Located south of hindukush
Rivers swat, chitral punjchora
Average height 3000-5000m
Lawari and shundur passes
2.White Mountains
• Located to South of Kabul river.
• East-West direction average height 3600m
• Peaks are often covered with Snow, so called
“Koh-i-Safaid”.
• Kohat valley , Peshawar valley
• Khyber and Kurram Passes provide route to
Afghanistan
3.Waziristan Hills
– Located between Kurram and Gomal rivers.
– Highly mineralized zone.
– Bannu valley in the east of these hills.
– Kurram dam is main source of irrigation.
– Tochi and Gomal Passes
4.Suleman Range
– Located towards the south of Gomal river
– Takht-e-Suleman(3374m)is the highest peak.
– River Bolan and Bolan Pass
5.Kirther Range
– Located in south of Suleman range
– Important rivers Hub and liari
 The Baluchistan Plateau
• Located in the west of Suleman mountain and
Kirther range.
• Average altitude of 600 to 900 m.
• Toba Kaaker and Chaghi hills in north
• Barren mountainous area but highly
mineralized(Gold,Copper,Sulphur etc.)
specially Chaghi Hills.
• Central Brahvi range,Central Makran range
lies at centre
• Makran Coastal area in south
• important rivers Pural,Hungol , Dusht and Xob
• North West area is sandy
• Hamun Mashkhel
 Salt Range and Potohar Plateau
Salt Range
• Begin from Tilla Jogian and Bakrala hills near
Jehlem river crossing district Bannu in west and
join Suleman mountains
• Comprised of Jhelum,Chakwal,Kalabagh and
Mianwali District.
• Height between 700 m.
• Sakesar is the highest place 1500m
• Rich in Minerals (rock Salt,Gypsum,Limestone etc)
 POTWAR PLATEAU
• In North of Salt range, South of Islamabad
between Jehlum and Indus Rivers.
• Height between 300 to 600 m.
• Rich in minerals(Rock Salt,Gypsum,Lime
Stone,Coal,Oil etc)
• Arid Agriculture (Not rich in Agriculture)
• Rugged landscaped
• Important Rivers Soan and Haru
 The Indus Plain

• Located South 0f Salt Range

• High Density of Population
• Divided into two Parts
– Upper Indus Plain
• Starts from Salt range and ends
• near Mithon Kot
• Irrigated Indus and Its Four
Tributaries.
• Highly developed Canal irrigation
• System.
• Agriculturally very rich area.
2. Lower Indus Plain
• Below Mithon Kot up to Arabian Sea is Lower Indus Plain
• Irrigated by Indus River.
• Agriculturally very rich area.
• Flood Plains
• Barrages Ghulam Muhammad,
Guddu and Sakkhar
 The Desert Areas
• Lack of Water
• Bare Vegetation
• May have rich mineral deposits ( Oil & Gas)
• Located at 3 Places
1. Sind Sagar Doab or Thal Desert
– Between Indus and Jhelum
1. Thar
– Located towards South East of Pakistan
– Irrigated by Sakkar Canal
– Can be divided into three parts
1. Cholistan
2. Nara
3. Thar Parkar
2. Kharan
– Located in Baluchistan
Regional organizations
SAARC
 Membership
• 8 members
• Afghanistan
• Bangladesh
• Bhutan
• Maldives
• Nepal
• India
• Pakistan
• Sri lanka
• Established on 8 Dec 1985.
• 17 summits have been held till now.
• Pakistan hosted twice (1988-2004 )
• Current secretary general is Mr. Ahmed
Saleem from Bangladesh.
• China, Myanmar and Russia wants to become
members
• 9 observer states
 Objectives Of SAARC

• to promote the welfare of the people of South

Asia and to improve their quality of life;
• to accelerate economic growth, social progress
and cultural development in the region 
• to promote and strengthen selective self-
reliance among the countries of South Asia;
• to contribute to mutual trust, understanding
and appreciation of one another's problem
• to cooperate with international and regional
organisations with similar aims and purposes.
• to maintain peace in the regionto strengthen
cooperation with other developing countries;
• to strengthen cooperation among themselves
in international forums on matters of common
interest
 Principles
• The principles are as follows
• Respect for sovereignty, territorial integrity, political equality
and independence of all members states
• Non-interference in the internal matters is one of its
objectives
• Cooperation for mutual benefit
• All decisions to be taken unanimously and need a quorum of
all eight members
• All bilateral issues to be kept aside and only
multilateral(involving many countries) issues to be discussed
without being prejudiced by bilateral issues
 Secretariat

• The SAARC Secretariat was established in

Kathmandu on 16 January 1987 
• The SAARC Secretariat and Member States
observe 8 December as the SAARC Charter
Day1.
• It is headed by the Secretary General appointed
by the Council of Ministers from Member
Countries in an alphabetical order for a three-
year term.
 Council Of Ministers

• The Council of Ministers meets twice a year. 

• Formulation of the policies of the ASSOCIATION
• Review of the progress of cooperation under the
ASSOCIATION
• Decision on new areas of cooperation
• Establishment of additional mechanism under the
ASSOCIATION as deemed necessary
• Decision on other matters of general interest to the
ASSOCIATION.
 Regional Centres

• SAARC Agricultural Centre (SAC), Dhaka

• SAARC Meteorological Research Centre
(SMRC), Dhaka
• SAARC Tuberculosis Centre (STC), Kathmandu
• SAARC Documentation Centre (SDC), New
Delhi
• SAARC Human Resources Development Centre
(SHRDC), Islamabad
• Political issues unaddressed
• SAARC Youth Award
• SAARC Award
• SAFTA
• Free Visa scheme
OIC
• The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation  is an
international organisation consisting of 
57 member states. The organisation states
that it is "the collective voice of the 
Muslim world" and works to "safeguard and
protect the interests of the Muslim world in
the spirit of promoting international peace
and harmony
• The OIC has a permanent delegation to the 
United Nations, and is the largest international
organisation outside the United Nations.
•  After losing the Six-Day War in 1967 Leaders
of Muslim nations met in Rabat to establish
the OIC on 25 September 1969.
 AIM
•  The OIC aims to preserve Islamic social and
economic values; promote solidarity amongst
member states; increase cooperation in social,
economic, cultural, scientific, and political
areas; uphold international peace and
security; and advance education, particularly
in the fields of science and technology.
• OIC has collective population of 1.4 billion
•  Russia and Thailand, sit as Observer States
• 12 regular sessions and 4 extra ordinary
sessions have been convened uptill now.
• Pakistan hosted twice(1974-1997)
• Ekmeleddin İhsanoğl , a Turkish national is the
current Secretary General.
• Islamic summit
The largest meeting, attended by the kings
and the heads of state and government of the
member states, convenes every three years.The
Islamic Summit takes policy decisions and
provide guidance on all issues pertaining to the
realization of the objectives as provided for in
the Charter and consider other issues of concern
to the Member States and the Ummah.
• Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers
It meets once a year to examine a progress report
on the implementation of its decisions taken within the
framework of the policy defined by the Islamic Summit.
• Permanent Secretariat
It is the executive organ of the Organisation,
entrusted with the implementation of the decisions of
the two preceding bodies, and is located in Jeddah, 
Saudi Arabia.
• Though adopted Cairo Declaration on Human
Rights in Islam in1990 ,but is failed in
protecting gross human rights violation
against muslims.
ASEAN
• A geo-political and economic organization of ten
countries located in Southeast Asia, which was
formed on 8 August 1967.
• 21 regular and 4 informal sessions.
• ASEAN covers a land area of 4.46 million km²,
which is 3% of the total land area of Earth, and
has a population of approximately 600 million
people
• Le Luong Minh (Vietnamese)
Single Aviation Market
Free trade zone
Intra-ASEAN travel
ASEAN Media Cooperation ,ASEAN Defense
Industry Collaboration
Education-about 90% literacy rate