PRESENTED BY:

SABA ( BSF1700601 )
PRESENTED TO:
MA’AM KIRAN SHAHZADI
TOPIC:
HYPOTHESIS
What is Hypothesis

 Hypothesis are tentative, intelligent guesses as to solution of the

problem.
 It describe the concrete terms what you expect to in the study.
 A hypothesis is an tentative assumption about relations
between variables.
Conti…

 Hypothesis derived from theories and from knowledge gained while

reviewing the related literature.
 According to Creswell,1994:
“Hypothesis is a formal statement that present the expected
relationship between an independent and dependent variable.”
Examples:

 What is the effect of teaching with (1) a cooperative groups

strategy or (2) a traditional lecture approach on students
achievement?
 Students who eat breakfast will perform better in a math exam
than students who do not eat breakfast.
Purposes:

 Give direction to the study.

 It provide clarity to the research problems and research
objectives.
 Define facts that are relevant and not relevant.
 Suggest which form of research design is likely to be the
most appropriate.
Conti…

 It direct the research study process.

 It describe. Predict the expected outcomes of the research.
 Provide a framework for organizing the conclusions of
the findings
Types of Hypothesis
Naila Hanif (bsf1700344)
Types of Hypothesis
1- Null Hypothesis

 Means “no effect” or ‘’nothing

happened’’ or ‘’no difference’’.
 The null hypothesis states that
there is no relationship between
two population parameters, i.e.,
an independent variable and a
dependent variable.
 Null hypothesis is denoted by
H0.
 Example 1

If Observation is:
“Children have a higher IQ-level if they eat oily fish for a
period of time.”
Then Null hypothesis will be:
Children who eat oily fish for six months do not show higher IQ
increase than children who do not”.
 Example 2

If observation is:
Education effect the social norm.
Then Null hypothesis will be:
Education does not effect the social norm.
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
PRESENTED BY H.TAYYAB-UN-NISA(BSF1700493)
 ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS

The alternative hypothesis states that a population parameter

is smaller, greater, or different than the hypothesized value in
the null hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis is what you
might believe to be true or hope to prove true. It is denoted
by HA
 CONTI..

Example of Null Hypothesis (H0):

Life expectancy/Average age of Pakistani people is 68 =  μ =H0
We have 3 options in Alternative Hypothesis.
1- Ha : μ 68
2- Ha : μ > 68
3- Ha : μ < 68
 CONTI...
 Important point: “Sample value or sample mean will not be used to
define Null and Alternative Hypothesis.”
H0 :  μ 68
Ha :  μ 68
Example of Alternative Hypothesis:
If we take a sample of 20 people who passed away we found their
average age is 78 then..
Ha :  μ > 68
 CATEGORIES /FORMATS OF HYPOTHESIS
Directional Hypothesis
 If terms such as greater than, less than,
positive, negative and the like are used
then these hypothesis are called
directional hypothesis because the
direction of relationship between
variables is indicated.
 Example
Women are more motivated to work than
men.
Non–directional Hypothesis
 If hypothesis is stated such a way that it
shows relationship but not stated
whether this relationship will be positive
or negative is called Non-directional
hypothesis.
 Example
There is relationship between age and job
satisfaction.
STATING THE HYPOTHESIS
PRESENTED BY:

RABIA BAHARAM(BSF1700212)
SECTION: B
SHIFT: MORNING
SESSION: 2017-21
 STATING THE HYPOTHESIS

• A good hypothesis is stated clearly and concisely, expresses the relation and difference between
variables and define those variable in measurable terms.

• A general model for stating the hypothesis for experimental studies is as follows:

P who gets X do better on Y than P who do not get X (or get some other X)

In the model,

P= Participants

X= The treatment, the causal or independent variable(IV)

Y= The study outcome, the effect or dependent variable (DV)

STATING THE HYPOTHESIS
• Study the Topic Statement and see if we can identify P, X and Y.

The purpose of purposed research is to investigates the effectiveness of different conflict resolution
techniques in reducing the aggressive behaviours of high school students in an alternative educational
settings.

• In this example,

P= High school students in an alternatives educational settings

X= Type of conflict resolution, punishment or discussion (IV)

Y= Instances of aggressive behaviours (DV)

• The related Non-directional hypothesis may read:

 STATING THE HYPOTHESIS

“For high-school students in an alternative educational settings, the number of aggressive behaviours will be
different for students who receive punishments than for those students who engage in disscussion
approaches to conflict resolution”

• Lets try another example, here is a Topic Statement:

This study investigates the effectiveness of token reinforcement, in the form of free time given for the
completion of practice worksheets on the Math computation skills of ninth grade general Maths students.

P= Nineth grade general Maths students

X= Token reinforcement in the form of free time for the completion of practice worksheets.

Y= Maths computation skills

STATING THE HYPOTHESIS
• The Directional hypothesis may be:

“Nineth grade general Maths sudents who receive general reinforcements in the form of free time
when they complete their practice worksheets have higher Math computation skills than nineth grade
general Math students who do not receive token reinforcemet for completed worksheets”

• The Null hypothesis may take this general form:

“There is no difference on Y( the outcome of study ) between P1 (Treatment 1) and P2 (Treatment 2)

See if you can write the Null Hypothesis for the following problem statement

• The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of formal verses informal preschool

reading instruction on children’s reading comprehension at the end of first grade.

STATING THE HYPOTHESIS

See if you can write the Null Hypothesis for the following problem statement

• The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of formal verses informal
preschool

reading instruction on children’s reading comprehension at the end of first

grade.
 Testing of Hypothesis

Presented by: Tooba majeed(bsf1700576)

Testing Hypothesis

 The theory, methods and practice of testing an alternative hypothesis

by comparing with the null hypothesis .
 A statistical hypotheses is a conclusion about a population parameter
.This conjecture may or may not be true .
Null Hypothesis

The null hypothesis (H0) is a statement of no effect,

relationship, or difference between two or more groups or
factors.
Example :
Group Scores

Group A 45

Group B 42
Continu….

To state the hypothesis the researcher must

translate the conjecture or claim for words into
mathematical symbols. The following symbols are
used in hypotheses testing :
Five Steps in Hypothesis Testing::

1. Specify the Null Hypothesis

2. Specify the Alternative Hypothesis
3. Set the Significance Level (a)
4. Calculate the Test Statistic and Corresponding P-Value
5. Drawing a Conclusion
Testing of Hypothesis

Represented by:
Zakia Shafqat(bsf1700696)
Parametric or non-parametric

Parametric Non-Parametric

 A statistical test, in which specific Nonparametric tests are also called

assumptions are made about the distribution-free tests because they
population parameter is known as don’t assume that your data follow a
parametric test. specific distribution
When to use parametric test

Four conditions have to be satisfied:

1. Data should be normally distributed.
2. Subject should be randomly selected
3. Variation in the results should be roughly same.
4. Homogenecity of variances assessed by Levene’s test.
Parametric test or non-Parametric test
determination
Parametric versus Non Parametric test

Parametric Non-Parametric

Parametric test Specific assumptions are No specific assumptions are made

made regarding the population regarding the population
Parametric test is powerful if it is exists Not powerful like parametric test

Test statistics based on distribution Test statistics is arbitrary

No parametric test exists for nominal Non parametric test exists for
scale data nominal scale data
Central measure - mean Central measure - median

Can draw more conclusions Simplicity , not affected by outliers

Parametric versus Non-Parametric
test
Study Type Parametric Test Non-Parametric TEST
 Compare means between Two-sample t-test Mann- whitney test
two distinct/independent
groups
 Compare two quantitative Paired t-test Wilcoxon signed-rank test
measurements taken from
the same individual

 Compare means between Analysis of variance (ANOVA) Kruskal-Wallis test

three or more
distinct/independent
groups
 Repeated One-way, repeated measures Friedman's test
measures,>conditions ANOVA 
 Estimate the degree of Pearson coefficient of Spearman’s rank correlation
association between two correlation 
quantitative variables