Chapter 7


Presented by Group 7
Shehar Bano
Noreen Afzal
Zainab Iqbal
Rafia Naseem
Maryam Liaquat
 Tests and
questionnaire

Presented by Shehar bano
bsf1700547
 Tests

 A test is a way of discovering, by questions or 
practical activities, what someone knows, or what
someone or something can do.
 Questionnaire

 A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting
of a series of questions for the purpose of gathering
information from respondents. Questionnaires can
be thought of as a kind of written interview. They
can be carried out face to face, by telephone,
computer or post.
 Cont.

 Data can be collected relatively quickly because the
researcher would not need to be present when the
questionnaires were completed. This is useful for
large populations when interviews would be
impractical.
 Cont.

 Questionnaires can be an effective means of
measuring the behavior, attitudes, preferences,
opinions and, intentions of relatively large numbers
of subjects.
 Often a questionnaire uses both open and closed
questions to collect data. This is beneficial as it
means both quantitative and qualitative data can be
obtained.
 Reasons in pilot testing

 To know in advance the grey areas in project.
 To know where research protocols may not be
followed.
 To know whether methods are appropriate.
 To find potential practical problems in exaction.
 Importance of Pilot Study

 Feasibility of study protocol.
 Test study instrument
 Questionnaire format is comprehensible.
 Test appropriateness of data collection using the
selected interview techniques.
 Test data collection process.
 Test data entry, coding of items & appropriateness of
statistical tests
 Steps in pilot study

1. Problem Formulation
2. Hypothesis setting
3. Defining Objects
4. Determining scope
5. Research Design
6. Pilot testing
7. Data analysis
8. Testing of hypothesis
9. Finding
10. Prespections
 Cont.

1. Pre-pilot

2. Pilot

3. Final Execution
Pre pilot

Step1
 Review literature
 Qualitative study
 Experts opinion(1 to 1)
 Group discussion (one to all)
 Brain stroming
 Cont.

Step 2
 Determine dependent and independent variables.
 Theoretical model building
 Preparations of categories and variables
 Preparation of data collection and instrument
 Pilot

 There are 4 steps of pilot.
 Step1 Execution of instrument
 Step2 Analysis of pilot data
 Step3 Revise research design
 Step4 Revise research design
 Final execution

 Repeat final research design of plot.
 Qualitative discussions.
 Writing report.
 Preparing synopsis and policy documents.
Interview schedule

Presented by Noreen Afzal
Bsf1700550
 Interview Schedule

It is basically a list containing a set of
structured questions that have been
prepared, to serve as a guide for
interviews, researchers and
investigators in collecting information
or data about a specific topic or issue.
 Advantages of interview schedule


An interview schedule facilitates the conduct
of an interview.
Since the questions have already been
prepared, it is easier to carry out and
complete the interview.
 It allows interviews and researchers to get more
information.

 Since they can ask follow up queries or calculations
they have prepared.
 Cont.

 The rate and amount of responses are higher.
 Interviews are time bound.
 They are given only limited amount of time to ask all
their questions.
 RATING SCALES

Presented By: Rafia Naseem (BSF1700653)

Presented To: Miss Kiran Shehzadi
 INTRODUCTION

 The “levels of measurement” is an expression which
typically refers to the theory of scale types developed by
the psychologist Stanley Smith Stevens.

 Stevens proposed his theory in a 1946 article titled “On

the theory of scales of measurement”.
 INTRODUCTION

 The “levels of measurement” is an expression which
typically refers to the theory of scale types developed by
the psychologist Stanley Smith Stevens.

 Stevens proposed his theory in a 1946 article titled “On

the theory of scales of measurement”.
 RATING SCALES

 Stevens claimed that all measurement
in science was conducted using four
different types of numerical scales
which he called
1. Nominal
2. Ordinal
3. Interval
4. Ratio

 NOMINAL SCALE

 Comes from Nomination.
 A categorical variable, also called a nominal
variable, is for mutual exclusive, but not
ordered, categories.
 Nominal scales are mere codes assigned to
objects as labels (just coding), they are not
measurements.
 Not a measure of quantity, measures identity
and difference. People either belong to a group
or they do not.
 Sometimes numbers are used to designate
category membership.
 Examples

 
Eye color: blue, brown, green, etc.
Biological sex: male or female
 Democrat, republican, libertarian
 Status: married, single, divorced, widowed
 Country: United States, Canada, Mexico, Other.
 Statistics
OK to Compute… 
Frequency Distribution & Mode
NOMINAL
Yes

Median & Percentiles No

Add or Subtract No
Mean, Standard Deviation, Standard Error of the No
Mean

Ratio, or Coefficient of Variation No

Chi-square Yes
 ORDINAL SCALE

 This scale has the ability to rank individual
attributes of items in same group but unit of
measurement is not available in this scale.
 Like student A is taller than student B but their
actual heights are not available.
 Designates an ordering: greater than, less than.
 Does not assume that the intervals between
numbers are equal.
 Examples

 Variables that are available in order form.
 Variable thing have order but not have measurement.
 Grades: (A+,A,B,C,D)
 A+ is better than A, A is better than B and so on.
 Rank your food preference where 1=favourite food , 4=least favourite:
a) Sushi
b) Chocolate
c) Burger
d) Pizza
 Positions of heroes in race and in board system is an ordinal variable.
 Statistics
OK to Compute…

Frequency Distribution
 ORDINAL

Yes

Median & Percentiles Yes

Add or Subtract No

Mean, Standard Deviation, Standard Error of the Mean No

Ratio, or Coefficient of Variation No

 INTERVAL SCALE

 Classifies data into groups or categories.
 Determine the preferences between items.
 Zero point on the interval scale is Arbitrary
zero, it is not the true zero point.
 Arbitrary Zero: Intervals on one side and
frequency on the other side. e.g. 0 to 4, 5 to
10.
 Designates an equal-interval ordering.
Equal distance should be maintained
between numbers.
 Have order, categories, equal interval.
 Every category is different from one another.
 Examples

 2 to 4, 4 to 6 → equal interval
 Equal distance should be maintained
between numbers; 20 to 25, 76 to 81
 The difference in temperature between
20 degrees f and 25 degrees f is the same
as the difference between 76 degrees f and
81 degrees f.
 Temperature in Fahrenheit is interval.
 Common IQ tests are assumed to use an
interval metric.
 Statistics
OK to Compute…

Frequency Distribution
 INTERVAL

Yes

Median & Percentiles Yes

Add or Subtract Yes

Mean, Standard Deviation, Correlation, Analysis of Yes

Variation

Ratio, or Coefficient of Variation No

 RATIO SCALE

 This is the highest level of
measurement and has the properties
of an interval scale; coupled with
fixed origin or zero point.
 It clearly defines the magnitude or
value of difference between two
individual items or intervals in same
group.
 Has properties of all previous scales.
 Have original zero, zero is true.
 Examples

 Temperature in kelvin (zero is the absence
of heat, cant get colder).
 Measurements of heights of students in this
class (zero means complete lack of height).
 Heartbeats per minute has a very natural
zero point. Zero means no heartbeats.
 Heartbeat = 0 (no heartbeat)
 The true ending of variable.
 Statistics
OK to Compute…

Frequency Distribution
 RATIO

Yes

Median & Percentiles Yes

Add or Subtract Yes

Mean, Standard Deviation, Correlation, Analysis of Yes

Variance

Ratio, or Coefficient of Variation Yes



Observationa
schedule

Presented by Zainab Iqbal
 Observation schedule

An observation schedule is an analytical form, or
coding sheet, filled out by researchers during
structured observation. It carefully specifies
beforehand the categories of behaviors or events
under scrutiny and under what circumstances they
should be assigned to those categories.
Observations are then fragmented, or coded, into
these more manageable pieces of information,
which are later aggregated into usable, quantifiable
data.
TYPES:
There are four types of
observational research you can do, ranging
from detached observation with no
participation on your part (complete
observer) to immersing yourself completely in
the environment (complete participant).
Observer as Participant.
Participant as Observer.
Complete Participant.
Complete observation .
Some of the characteristics of observation
method of data collection are as follows:

•Observation is a
Systematic Method.
•Observation is Specific
•Observation is Objective
•Observation is
Quantitative
•Observation is an Affair
of Eyes
IMPOTANCE OF OBSERVATIONAL
SHEDULES:

Observations are important because they’re the

connecting point between supervisors and their
pre-service teachers. This is the time for the
student teacher to show off their skills, figure
out how they’re doing, and get that valuable
one-on-one time with a mentor.
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT:
Especially for new teachers, it can be incredibly
difficult to know how well they teach. Some might
think they have teaching in the bag while others
think they have a very long way to go for success.
And both camps of students are often wrong in their
own self-assessments.
  Real Feedback
The whole point of evaluating student teachers
along the way is to give them great feedback
they can use. It’s just as important to tell them
what they’re doing right as it is to let them
know what they’re doing wrong. And that
knowledge will empower them to make real
improvements. This is one of the biggest reasons
why observation is important.
CRITERIA FOR THE
SELECTION
INSTRUMENTS

MARYAM LIAQAT
BSF1700624
Selection criteria represent the key qualifications, training, abilities,
knowledge, personal attributes, skills and experience a person must
have in order to do a job effectively. You must meet the selection
criteria in order to be considered for a position.

 Selection criteria are used to determine the best-qualified candidate

from among all of the applicants who have met the minimum
qualifications and were selected for an interview for the particular
position. Selection criteria go beyond minimum qualifications and
look at quantity, quality, and relevancy of education, experience,
knowledge and other skills that each applicant possesses. Selection
criteria also include qualifications that may be unique to the particular
job and the particular department rather than the more general
minimum qualifications. When applicants are compared to each other
and selection criteria are applied, the best-qualified candidate can be
selected.
All criteria are measured by applying the following tools:
• Application,
•cover Letter
•Resume
•References
•Interview
•Work Sample
• Writing Sample Each criterion is assigned a weight to signify the
level of importance in the overall selection. The choices are 5%,
10%, 15%, 20%, or 25%. If the criterion is not used, select No
Response. The total percentage should equal 100%. The TEAMS
system does not calculate the total percentage selected
Methods for Selecting Measurement
Instruments Selection of Measurement Instruments Depending on the
Production Accuracy of Details. In this method for selection of
measurement instruments depending on the manufacturing tolerance the
acceptable measurement error DA is determined, using specially
designed tables and the total error of measurement method for specific
measurement instruments D∑ [2, 3]. The criteria for selection of certain
measurement instrument is: ∆Σ ≤ ∆A . (1) The advantages of this method
are that it is easy to use, fast and convenient for application and does not
require high qualification of operators (it is not need to make calculations
and studies). As disadvantage may be indicate that guidelines and
standards, which help to be performed, have not been updated and
processed many years and they may only be used for measuring linear
dimensions. Uncertainty Measurement Analysis. The uncertainty of
measurement is absolute parameter, connected with the result of
measurement which characterized the results dispersion. They may be
assigned to the measurement value based on the available information.
Methods for Selecting Measurement
Instruments Selection of Measurement Instruments Depending on the
Production Accuracy of Details. In this method for selection of
measurement instruments depending on the manufacturing tolerance the
acceptable measurement error DA is determined, using specially
designed tables and the total error of measurement method for specific
measurement instruments D∑ [2, 3]. The criteria for selection of certain
measurement instrument is: ∆Σ ≤ ∆A . (1) The advantages of this method
are that it is easy to use, fast and convenient for application and does not
require high qualification of operators (it is not need to make calculations
and studies). As disadvantage may be indicate that guidelines and
standards, which help to be performed, have not been updated and
processed many years and they may only be used for measuring linear
dimensions. Uncertainty Measurement Analysis. The uncertainty of
measurement is absolute parameter, connected with the result of
measurement which characterized the results dispersion. They may be
assigned to the measurement value based on the available information.
