HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS

PUMPS

ACTUATORS

ACCUMULATORS

VALVES
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HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS

What is hydraulic system?

HYDRAULIC SYSTEM contains and confines a liquid in such a way

that it uses the laws governing liquids to transmit power and do
work.
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2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of

Hydraulics
2.1.1 Advantages of Hydraulics.
What are the main advantages
of Hydraulics?

 Small Forces – Produce and Transmit Large Forces and

Power
 Simpler design.
 Flexibility
 Smoothness.
 Control
 Cost
 Overload protection
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2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of

Hydraulics
2.1.2 Disadvantages of Hydraulics.

What are the main disadvantages

of Hydraulics?

Oil Contamination Due to Internal Friction

Leakage Risks
Oil Temperature
Filtration critical - must be free of debris
Manpower intensive to clean up
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2.2 ELEMENTS OF A HYDRAULIC

SYSTEM
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2.2 ELEMENTS OF A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

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2.2 ELEMENTS OF A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

Actuators are the elements in charge of transforming
hydraulic energy into linear or rotational mechanical energy.

Linear Actuators:
Rotary Actuators: Motors
Hydraulic Cylinders
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2.2 ELEMENTS OF A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

Accumulators supply a way to store fluids under pressure,
resolving problems of pressure drops and/or surges.
GA

What are the principal functions of

S

SYNTHET

Accumulators? STE
EL
IC
RUBBER
SHE BAG
LL
DIS
K
VA
FLUID LV FLUID
FROM E TO
PUMP ACTU
ATOR

Their principal functions are:

 Maintaining System Pressure
 Developing System Flow and Absorbing Pressure Surges
 Solving Errors in the Pumping System
 Absorbing Pressure Surges
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2.2 ELEMENTS OF A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

Valves control the fluid
in a hydraulic system.

What types of valves are

commonly used?
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2.2 ELEMENTS OF A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

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2.2 ELEMENTS OF A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

•Pipe, tubes and hoses, along with the fittings or connectors,

constitute the conducting lines that carry hydraulic fluid
between components.
Tubes, pipes and hoses

Hydraulic tubes are seamless steel precision

pipes, specially manufactured for hydraulics. The
tubes have standard sizes for different pressure
ranges, with standard diameters up to 100 mm.

Hydraulic pipe is used in case standard

hydraulic tubes are not available. Generally these
are used for low pressure. They can be connected
by threaded connections, but usually by welds.

Hydraulic hose is graded by pressure,

temperature, and fluid compatibility. Hoses are
used when pipes or tubes can not be used, usually
to provide flexibility for machine operation or
maintenance.
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2.2 ELEMENTS OF A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

Seals, fittings and connections

Fittings serve several purposes;

To bridge different standards; pipe threads to face seal, for

example.

To allow proper orientation of components, a 90°, 45°,

straight, or swivel fitting is chosen as needed. They are
designed to be positioned in the correct orientation and then
tightened.

To incorporate bulkhead hardware.

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2.2 ELEMENTS OF A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

A typical piece of heavy equipment may have thousands of
sealed connection points and several different types:

Pipe fittings

O-ring boss

Flare seal

Face seal

Beam seal

Swaged seals
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2.2 ELEMENTS OF A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

Pipe fittings
the fitting is screwed in
until tight, difficult to orient
an angled fitting correctly
without over or under
tightening.
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2.2 ELEMENTS OF A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

O-ring boss

the fitting is screwed

into a boss and
orientated as needed,
an additional nut
tightens the fitting,
washer and o-ring in
place.
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2.2 ELEMENTS OF A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

Flare seal
a metal to metal
compression seal
with a cone and
flare mating.
Face seal

• is a seal in which the sealing

surfaces are normal to the axis
of the seal. Face seals are
typically used in static
application and are used to
prevent leakage in the radial
direction with respect to the
axis of the seal.

• This seal has two smooth, flat

elements that run together to
seal a rotating shaft. One
element is metallic and the
other is nonmetallic. A face
seal is used primarily when
there is high speed, pressure,
and temperature.
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2.2 ELEMENTS OF A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

Beam seal
a costly metal to
metal seal used
primarily in
aircraft.
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2.2 ELEMENTS OF A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

Swaged seals
tubes are connected
with fittings that are
swaged permanently
in place. Primarily
used in aircraft.
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2.2 ELEMENTS OF A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

Connections are used to join parts or change the direction of the tubes.
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2.2 ELEMENTS OF A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

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2.2 ELEMENTS OF A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

Definition of Hydraulic Fluids

What does the term hydraulic fluid refer to?

•Liquid that is used as a means of transporting power:

•Derived from petroleum (oil) with a special composition
or special fluids resistant to combustion.

Hydraulic fluid must be essentially non-compressible to be

able to transmit power instantaneously from one part of
the system to another.
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2.2 ELEMENTS OF A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

Hydraulic Fluids

Viscosity:

• The word “viscosity” can be defined as “resistance

to flow”. The viscosity of a liquid indicates its internal
friction. It is the inverse of its fluidity.
 If a liquid flows with ease, its viscosity is low (it is thin

or has little body).

 If a liquid flows with difficulty, it possesses high
viscosity (it is thick or has a lot of body).
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2.2 ELEMENTS OF A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

Three common varieties of hydraulic fluids found on
the market today are petroleum-based, water-
based and synthetics.

1. Petroleum-based or mineral-based fluids are the

most widely used fluids today.

2. Water-based fluids are used for fire-resistance due to

their high-water content. They are available as oil-in-
water emulsions, water-in-oil (invert) emulsions and
water glycol blends.

3. Synthetic fluids are man-made lubricants and many

offer excellent lubrication characteristics in high-
pressure and high- temperature systems.
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2.2 ELEMENTS OF A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

Oil Derived from Petroleum
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

 Excellent Lubricating Qualities It is combustible

 Adequate Demulsibility
 Greater Resistance to Rust at
High Temperatures
 Adequate Viscosity Index
 Protection Against Rust
 Adequate Sealing
 Good Heat Dissipation
 Simple Maintenance
 Possibility of Improvements
with Additives
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2.3 SIMPLE HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

2.3.1 HYDRAULIC JACK

In this system a reservoir
and a system of valves has been
added to Pascal's hydraulic lever
to stroke a small cylinder or
pump continuously and raise a
large piston or an actuator a
notch with each stroke.
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2.3 SIMPLE HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

2.3.2 REVERSING SYSTEM
The figure shows a power-driven pump
operating a reversible rotary motor.
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2.3 SIMPLE HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

OTHER HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS:

Open-Center System
Series Connection
Series/Parallel Connection
Flow Divider.

Closed-Center System.
Fixed-Displacement Pump and
Accumulator.
Variable-Displacement Pump
Series Connection
Series/Parallel Connection
Flow Divider
Open-Center System
Closed-Center System
Fixed-Displacement Pump
and Accumulator
Variable-Displacement Pump
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2.3 SIMPLE HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

Advantages of a Closed-Center System are that-

It does not require relief valves because the pump

simply shuts off by itself when standby pressure is
reached.

It has lines, valves, and cylinders that can be

tailored to the flow requirements of each function.

It is more efficient on functions such as brakes,

which require force but very little piston movement.