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1.3.1 - 5 Food Elements and Biomolecules
1.3.1 - 5 Food Elements and Biomolecules
1 Function of Food
2
Food is needed for:
1.Energy
3
Food also supplies:
1. Metabolism and
2. Continuity
4
Learning check
Why do we need food?
Energy
Growth of new cells and
Repair of existing cells, tissues, organs, etc.
What is metabolism?
Metabolism is the chemical reactions that occur in the cells of
living organisms
What is continuity?
Continuity of life is the ability of an organism to exist from
generation to the next
5
1.3.2 Chemical Elements
Elements in Food
Need to know
• Chemical elements
• Six common elements in food
• Five elements in dissolved salts
• Three trace elements
7
What is Food made up of?
Food is made up of:
• Salts of
Na, Mg, Cl, K, Ca
11
Types of Food
The elements combine in different ratios to
form different food components
(biomolecular units)
Water Proteins
Lipids Carbohydrates
Vitamins Minerals 12
Humans are mainly made up of
Water!
13
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates contain the elements
Cx(H2O)y
Water Proteins
Lipids Carbohydrates
Vitamins Minerals
15
A common carbohydrate
General formula = Cx(H2O)y
When x = y = 6
We fet the formula C6H12O6
What is the name of this monosaccharide
carbohydrate?
Glucose
16
Another common carbohydrate
General formula = Cx(H2O)y
When x = 12 and y = 11
We get the formula C12H22O11
What is the name of this disaccharide
carbohydrate?
Sucrose
17
Learning check
Name the three elements that make up
carbohydrates
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
Cx(H2O)y
18
1.3.4 Biomolecular Sources
and the Components of Food
Need to know
21
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates contain the elements
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
23
Monosaccharides
These are
single sugar molecules
simple sugars
soluble in water Photo Credit fruit image by Edvin selimovic
sweet to taste
from Fotolia.com
Cx(H2O)y 25
Disaccharides
These are
• two monosaccharide sugar units joined
together – known as double sugar molecules
• soluble in water
• sweet to taste
Example:starch, cellulose
Found in:bread, pasta, cereals
27
Learning check
Name the three types of carbohydrate
• Monosaccharides
• Disaccharides
• Polysaccharides
28
Lipids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
32
Triglyceride
Glycerol
It is made up of
Fatty Acid 2
1 glycerol molecule
33
Phospholipids
If one fatty acid of a lipid molecule is
replaced by a phosphate group then a
phospholipid is formed
Fatty Acid 1
Glycerol
Fatty Acid 2
Phosphate
34
Sources of Lipids
• Fat – in and on meat
• Cooking oils
35
Learning check
The two main types of molecules that make
up lipids are:
Fatty acids and
Glycerol
The two main types of lipids are:
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
36
Proteins
39
Vitamins
Vitamins are essential organic catalysts of
metabolism
40
Vitamins
We need Vitamins A, B, C, D, E and K in our
diets to keep us healthy
41
Sources of Vitamins
Vitamin Source
43
1.3.5 Energy Transfer
Reactions
Anabolic & Catabolic
Or
Anabolism & Catabolism
Need to know
Definition of the terms:
Anabolic
Catabolic
Give an example of each
45
Anabolic Reactions
This is where energy is used to make large
molecules (e.g. C6H12O6) from smaller
ones (e.g. CO2 and H2O) using enzymes
e.g. Photosynthesis – glucose molecules are
formed from carbon dioxide and water
using enzymes and the energy from the
sun.
This is anabolism. Energy is absorbed.
46
An Anabolic Reaction
Energy being used to join two small
molecules to make a larger molecule
47
Larger molecule
Catabolic Reactions
This is where energy is released when
large molecules (e.g. C6H12O6) are broken
down to form smaller ones (e.g. CO2 and
H2O) using enzymes
e.g. Respiration – glucose molecules are
broken down by enzymes to form carbon
dioxide and water and energy is released.
This is catabolism. Energy is released.
48
Learning check
Explain Anabolism
Energy absorbed. Small large molecules
Give an example of an anabolic reaction
Photosynthesis
Explain Catabolism
Energy released. Large small molecules
Give an example of a catabolic reaction
Respiration
49
CRAP
Catabolic Respiration Anabolic Photosynthesis
50
Is catabolism the opposite of
anabolism? – NO
In the examples just given the chemical
processes (pathways*) involved in each of
them are different, therefore catabolism is
not the opposite of anabolism.
52
Learning check
Is anabolism the opposite of catabolism ?
No
Why?
Different chemical pathways involved in
both.
53