Parking Systems

And Rear-view Camera

Mohini Rajput
Mis-111810149
T.Y. Mechanical
Parking System -Introduction
• Parking systems in a vehicle range from simple parking aids that
detect objects and help the driver orient the vehicle to fully
automatic systems capable of parallel parking in tight spots with
little or no help from the driver.
• Most parking systems are capable of using these sensors to parallel
park, while some systems are also capable of parking in bay parking
spots.
• The key concept behind automatic parking is to plan and
parameterize the basic control profiles of steering angle and speed
in order to achieve the desired shape of the vehicle's path within the
available space.
 History
• One of the world's first experimental prototypes of automatic parallel
parking was developed on an electric car Ligier at INRIA in the mid-
1990s.
• In 1992, Volkswagen proposed an automatic parking technology using
four-wheel steering in its IRVW (Integrated Research Volkswagen)
Futura concept car, allowing it to move sideward for parallel parking.
• In 2003, Toyota began to sell their Japanese Prius hybrid vehicle with
an automatic parallel parking capability offered as an option named
Intelligent Parking Assist
• In 2004, a group of Linköping University students working with Volvo
developed a project Evolve. The Evolve car can automatically perform
parallel parking by using sensors and a computer to control steering,
acceleration and braking of Volvo S60.
Working
• Parking systems generally employ acoustic and/or radar
distance sensors.
• These sensors detect the presence or absence of other
vehicles, walls or people in the vicinity of the vehicle.
• They may also employ imaging sensors that recognize
curbs and painted lines on the pavement.
• Most parking systems are capable of using these sensors
to parallel park, while some systems are also capable of
parking in bay parking spots.
• Actuators-Throttle, steering, brakes
• The automatic parallel parking algorithm localizes a sufficient
parking place along the roadside, attains a convenient start location
for the car in front of the parking place, and performs a parallel
parking maneuver. Automatic pulling out involves localizing an
available space for the car motion within the parking place, placing
the car at an appropriate spot at the rear of the parking place, and
performing a maneuver to pull out of the parking place into the
traffic lane.
• The parking maneuver is performed as a sequence of controlled
motions using sensor data from the car servo systems and range
measurements about the environment. The steering and velocity
controls are computed in real time and executed. The approach
results in various path shapes required to perform parking
maneuvers
Sensors used
Ultrasonic systems
• These systems feature ultrasonic proximity detectors to
measure the distances to nearby objects via sensors located
in the front and/or rear bumper fascias or visually
minimized within adjacent grills or recesses.
• The sensors emit acoustic pulses, with a control unit
measuring the return interval of each reflected signal and
calculating object distances.
• The system in turns warns the driver with acoustic tones,
the frequency indicating object distance, with faster tones
indicating closer proximity and a continuous tone indicating
a minimal pre-defined distance.
• Systems may also include visual aids, such as LED or LCD
readouts to indicate object distance.
 Electromagnetic systems
• Electromagnetic sensors rely on the vehicle moving
slowly and smoothly towards the object to be
avoided. Once an obstacle is detected, the sensor
continues to signal the presence of the obstacle even
if the vehicle momentarily stops.
• If the vehicle then resumes moving backwards the
alarm signal becomes louder as the obstacle is
approached.
Manufacturers
• Bosch
• Delphi
• Denso Demonstration of the automatic
parking system on a Lexus LS
• Valeo
Advantages And Disadvantages
Advantages
• Ease to park
• Decreased the number of
accidents
• Eliminates the wasting of time
and gas looking for a vacant
one.
Disadvantages
• High-technology vehicles and
equipment are expensive
• Sensors failures often happens
• High Maintainence.
Rear-View Camera Systems
 Introduction
• Rear-view camera systems display a view of the area
behind a vehicle whenever that vehicle is in a reverse gear.
• Many of these systems can also display an overlay of
trajectory lines to assist the driver with backing up or
parking.
• In the U.S., the National Highway Transportation Safety
Administration (NHTSA) has announced plans to require
rear-view cameras in all cars less than 4,500 kg by May
2018.
• By the time NHTSA's rule comes into effect, it expects
these systems will help save 58 to 69 lives per year that
would otherwise be lost due to back-over collisions.
Working
• The reflection of a rear-view camera is horizontally
flipped so that it produces a mirrored image. This is
essential because the driver and the rear-view camera
are in opposite positions. The mirrored image is also
necessary because it causes the direction of the display to
be constant with the mirrors mounted on the motor
vehicle.
• The rear-view camera display is usually wired to
automatically sense when the transmission is set in
reverse, and it shows the rear view while the car is in
reverse. The other items in the rear of the vehicle are
also shown at all times.
 Working
• The rear-view camera usually consists of a wide-angle or fish-eye
lens. Although the lens doesn't allow the camera to view distant
objects, it does permit the camera to view a continuous horizontal
view from one corner, behind the car, to another.

• Rear-view cameras are also generally mounted at a downward angle.

This allows the camera to show potential barriers on the ground in
addition to the location and position of walls and docks that may be
looming around the corner.
Sensors used
• Optical Image Sensors
• Gear position sensor

Actuators used
Image display, speakers
Manufacturers
• Kenwood
• Masterlock
• Panasonic
• Pioneer
• Peak
• Pyle
• Rearview Safety
• TadiBrothers
Advantages And Disadvantages
Advantages
• They help drivers avoid hitting
people, animals and objects
they can’t see.
• They don’t add much to the
cost of a car.
• Parallel parking is easier with
a backup camera.
Disadvantages
• They don’t do enough to
reduce accidents.
• They may create a false sense
of security.
• A reverse camera can’t prevent
“frontover” accidents.