QUARTER 2

LESSON 10
REASONING
AND
PROOF
QUARTER 2 LESSON 10 no. 1
Things to Remember!
Deductive and Inductive Reasoning

Deductive reasoning starts out with a general statement, or hypothesis,

and examines the possibilities to reach a specific, logical conclusion.
Deductive reasoning usually follows steps:
 First, there is a premise.
 Then a second premise.
 Finally, an inference.

A common form of deductive reasoning is the syllogism, in which two statements

— a major premise and a minor premise — reach a logical conclusion.

QUARTER 2 LESSON 10 no. 2

Things to Remember!
Example 1:

Filipinos are hospitable. (Major Premise)

Mark is a Filipino (Minor Premise)
Mark is hospitable (inference)
Example 2:

All numbers divisible by 2 is an even number (Major Premise)

16 is divisible by 2 (Minor Premise)
16 is an even number (inference)

QUARTER 2 LESSON 10 no. 3

Things to Remember!
Inductive reasoning is the opposite of deductive reasoning. Inductive
reasoning makes broad generalizations from specific observations. Basically, there
is data, and then conclusions are drawn from the data which is called as inductive
logic.
Example 1:

First try: I touched the makahiya and its leaf closes. (Data)
Second try: I touched the other makahiya and its leaf also closes (Data)
Third try: I touched another makahiya and its leaf closes just like the other two. (Data)

Conclusion: When you touch the makahiya its leaf closes

QUARTER 2 LESSON 10 no. 4

Things to Remember!
Example 3:

7 multiplied by 2 is 14 (Data)
9 multiplied by 2 is 18 (Data)
Any number multiplied by 2 gives a product of even number (Conclusion)
Example 4:

3 multiplied by itself is 9 (Data)

4 multiplied by itself is 16 (Data)
Any number multiplied by itself is a perfect square number. (Conclusion)

Remember: Deductive reasoning uses syllogism while inductive reasoning uses logic.

QUARTER 2 LESSON 10 no. 5

Things to Remember!
Direct Proof and Indirect Proof

A proof is a sequence of statements. These statements come in two forms: givens and deductions.
A direct proof is a sequence of statements which are either givens or deductions from previous
statements, and whose last statement is the conclusion to be proved.

Example 1: Given: The sum of two even numbers is even.

 2 and 4 are even numbers and their sum 6 is also an even number.
 6 and 8 are also even numbers and their sum 14 is also an even number.
 Let 2n is an even number, so 2n + 2n = 4n which is also an even number.
 Therefore, the sum of two even numbers is even
Example 2: Given: The sum of an even number and an odd number is odd.
 1 is an odd number added by 2 which is an even number has the sum of 3 which is odd.
 An odd number 3 plus an even number 4 gives a sum of 7 which is odd.
 Let 2n+1 an odd number and 2n an even number, so (2n+1) + (2n) = 4n + 1 which is odd.
 Therefore, the sum of an even number and an odd number is odd.

QUARTER 2 LESSON 10 no. 6

Things to Remember!
  Indirect Proof is sequences of statements which can be prove by contrapositive and contradiction.

Proof by Contrapositive
Example 1: Given: “If it is Sunday, then I’m going to church.”
 If I am not going to church, then it is not Sunday (contrapositive)
 I am not going to church because it is Friday. (proof of contrapositive)
 Therefore, I can only go to church if it is Sunday.

Example 2: Given: The sum of two supplementary angles is exactly.

 If the sum of two angles are more than, then the angles are not supplementary. (contrapositive)
 and the sum of these angles are so the two angles are not supplementary. (proof of contrapositive)
Note: You can illustrate the angles to prove this statement.
 The sum of Angle A and Angle B is more than .so these two angles are not supplementary. (proof of
contrapositive)
 Therefore, the sum of two supplementary angles is exactly.

QUARTER 2 LESSON 10 no. 7

Things to Remember!
Proof by Contradiction
Step 1 : Assume your statement to be false.
Step 2 : Proceed as you would with a direct proof.
Step 3 : Come across a contradiction.
Step 4: State that because of the contradiction, it cannot be the case that the statement is false, so it must be
true.
 
Example 1: Given: “If it is Sunday, then I’m going to church.”
 Today is Friday, so I am not going to church. (contradiction)
 If I insist to go to church this Friday, the church is close. (direct proof of contradiction)
 Therefore, I can only go to church if it is Sunday. (the statement must be true)
 

QUARTER 2 LESSON 10 no. 8

Things to Remember!
   
Example 2: Given: The sum of two supplementary angles is exactly.

Note: , and

 If is more than .and when added to it is now more than . then the angles are not supplementary.
(contradiction)
 and the sum of these angles are so the two angles are not supplementary. Note: You can illustrate the
angles to prove this statement. (direct proof of contradiction)
 When you illustrate the angles it is more than or more than a protractor. (direct proof of contradiction)
 Therefore, the angles are supplement if their sum is exactly. (the statement must be true)

QUARTER 2 LESSON 10 no. 9

Activity 1!
Choose the letter of the correct answer. Click LIKE your answer is A, HEART if B and HAPPY if C.

1. Richard finds an expensive looking ring in the school hallway one day. It has no name on it, and it’s not near
anyone’s locker. Should he: A) Give it to lost and found B) Ask if it belongs to anyone there C) Keep it and not say
anything
2. Judy’s friend is stressed about an upcoming test. Judy already took the test and got 100%, so she knows all the
answers already. Should she: A) Just give the answers to her friend B) Use her knowledge to coach her friend C) Not
get involved at all
3. Coach Nelson has caught two of his star basketball players vandalizing school property. The rule is that they must
be suspended. If that happens their team loses the upcoming semi-finals. If the coach keeps quiet they’ll surely
win, but he could lose his job. Should the coach: A) Suspend the two players and obey the rules B) Pretend he
never saw them
4. Nick overhears two students bragging about having posted some inappropriate images of a female student
online for a joke. Should he: A) Mind his own business B) Report the incident to the school principal C) Confront
the boys and defend the student
5. You witness a bank robbery, and follow the perpetrator down an alleyway. He stops at an orphanage and gives
them all the money. Would you: A) Report the man to police since he committed a crime B) Leave him alone
because you saw him do a good deed

QUARTER 2 LESSON 10 no. 9

Activity 2!

QUARTER 2 LESSON 10 no. 10

Enrichment activity!
Try These! Found on your learning packet

Fill the table below to comply the appropriate reasoning.

Deductive Reasoning Tropical fruits are delicious
  Mango is a tropical fruit
  1.  

Deductive Reasoning Mammals breastfeeds their babies

  1.  
  Monkey breastfeed their babies.

Inductive Reasoning I pull the tail of my cat and it bites me.

  I pull the tail of my friends’ cat and it bites me.
  1.  

Inductive reasoning I divide 10 into 2 and the results give me half.

  1.  
  When you divide a number into 2, it gives you
half.

QUARTER 2 LESSON 10 no. 11

HOMEWO
RK 6

QUARTER 2 LESSON 10 no. 12

HOMEWO
RK 6

QUARTER 2 LESSON 10 no. 12