Lesson two

The Nahoon
 Lesson Objectives

1. Point of View
2. Scanning
3. Word structure
4. Connectors
5. Word stress
6. Personal recount
7. Projective listening
 the nahoon

 Poetry
 William Charles Scully
Nahoon river
Lesson two
Narrator’s Point of View
 Point of view

 Point of view is the perspective from which a

narrative is told.
 It indicates who is telling the story
and how the information is being filtered to
the audience:
 Point of view

 It is the angle from which the story is told.

 Dialogue and narration

• Dialogue = when characters speak.

• Narration = when the narrator speaks.
• “Quotation marks” separate narration from dialogue.

Example
“Help” my cousin Jack said.
 Dialogue and narration

It's about the narrator (who tells the story)

We're not looking at dialogue.

We don't care what characters say.
Only the narrator's voice matters.
 Point of view

 First Person POV

 Second Person POV
 Third Person POV
 Objective
 Limited
 Omniscient
 Point of view
We are trying to figure out the narrator's view point on the story.

Perspectives and Signal Words

First-Person I, me, my, mine, we, us, ours,

Second-Person you, your

Third-Person he, she, her, they, them

(also character's names)
 First person pov

Narrator is a part of the story (character).

Often uses I or we.

I went home. Tim came over. I couldn't play.

 Second person pov
Usually for instructions

Uses “You”; from “your” perspective.

First, gather your materials. Add 1 cup sugar to flour.

 Third person pov

▪ Narrator usually isn’t involved.

▪ Tells other's stories.
▪ Lots of “He,” “She,” & character names.
 Third person pov

Three Types of Third-Person Narration

Does the narrator tell…

Thoughts and Feelings of Characters?
 Third person pov - omniscient

Narrator is all knowing.

Narrator tells thoughts and feelings of more than
one character.

Omni = All Scient = Knowing

 Third person pov - omniscient

Tim was mad at Shay. He blamed her.

Shay knew Tim would be mad, but she wanted to
live her life.
 Third person pov - limited

Narrator is limited to one character.

Tells thoughts & feelings of one character
 Third person pov - limited

Tim was mad at Shay. He blamed her. Shay just

left without saying anything. She left a note and
then left him.
 Third person pov - objective

Narrator does not reveal any character’s

thoughts or feelings.

Only character’s dialogue and actions are

narrated.
 Third person pov - objective

Tim slammed the door. He walked upstairs & read

a note from Shay. He kicked her trash can &
started crying.
Tips on Identifying

▪ Check 1st or 2nd-person before worrying about

objective, limited, or omniscient.
▪ Ask, “Who’s story is the narrator telling: his, mine, or
someone else’s?”
▪ Focus on narration not dialogue.
 Practice

1. Read the following passages.

2. Determine the narrator’s perspective.
3. Write down your answer.
 1

When I was four months old, my mother died

suddenly and my father was left to look after me
all by himself… I had no brothers or sisters. So
through boyhood, from the age of four months
onward, there was just us two, my father and
me. We lived in an old gypsy caravan behind a
filling station”
 2

The huge man dropped his blankets and flung himself

down and drank from the surface of the green pool. The
small man stepped behind him. "Lennie!" he said sharply.
"Lennie, for God" sakes don’t drink so much." Lennie
continued to snort into the pool. The small man leaned
over and shook him by the shoulder. "Lennie you gonna be
sick like you was last night." Lennie dipped his whole head
under, hat and all… "Tha’s good," he said. "You drink some,
George." He smiled happily
 3

Foresight in Relationships
The previous night, make your plans for the
next day and write them down… If you attend
an exclusive Samurai’s party and feel timid, you
cannot do your part in making it a successful
party. You had first better prepare by convincing
yourself that you will have a grand time. And
you should feel grateful for the invitation.
 4

Harold Davis took a deep breath and slowly started

to peel the gauze from the wound on his
grandmother’s leg. “Hold on, Grandma. I’m almost
done,” He said quietly. “Don’t worry, baby. It doesn’t
hurt too much,” she quietly replied. “Just take your
time.” Harold glanced up at his grandmother lying on
the couch. He could tell she was in pain from the
way she gripped the cushions, but still she managed
to smile back at him.
 5
They were standing under a tree, each with an arm round
the other's neck, and Alice knew which was which in a
moment, because one of them had "DUM" embroidered on
his collar, and the other "DEE." "I suppose they've each got
"TWEEDLE" round at the back of the collar," she said to
herself. They stood so still that she quite forgot they were
alive, and she was just looking round to see if the word
"TWEEDLE" was written at the back of each collar, when
she was startled by a voice coming from the one marked
"DUM."
Answers

1. First-Person
2. Third-Person Objective
3. Second-Person
4. Third-Person Limited
5. Third-Person Limited
Lesson two
Scanning
 scanning

 It is a common and effective way that

a reader can use to quickly get the
information that he/she needs.
 It is looking for a specific information
without reading the whole text.
 scanning

 Books, magazines, encyclopedias,

maps, signs, and webpages
Lesson two
Word Structure
 Word structure

 Many English words are formed and

structured with the combination of
root words and affixes.
 Root words

 It is also called as base word.

 It is where the affix is being attached
to form a new word.
 It has its own meaning; thus, it can
stand alone.
 Root words

 Love, happy, beauty, joy, rich

 affixes

 These are letters that cannot stand

alone.
 In-, un-, -ful, -ly
 Types of Affixes: Prefix and suffix
 prefix

 These are letters added before a root

word that gives the word a new
meaning or grammatical role.
 prefix
EXAMPLE MEANING WORD WITH STRUCTURAL MEANING
AFFIX ANALYSIS
anti- opposing anticlimax anti+climax opposing climax
circum- around circumnavigate circum+navigate navigate around
counter- opposite counteract counter+act opposite act
dis- not disallow dis+allow not allow
extra- more than extraordinary extra+ordinary more than ordinary
inter- between, among interisland inter+island between island
macro- large macroeconomics macro+economics large economics
mis- wrongly misinterpret mis+interpret wrongly interpret
post- after postgame post+game after the game
pre- before prewar pre+war before the war
un- opposite unskilled un+skilled opposite of skilled
 suffix

 These are letters added after a root

word to make a new word.
 2 Ways: Inflectional and Derivational
 inflectional

 When suffixes are added to a base

word that changes its number, tense,
and degree of comparison.
Base Word Suffix Inflection
tomato -es tomatoes
walk -ed walked
heavy -er heavier
 derivational

 When new words with new meanings

are formed.
Base Word Suffix Inflection
teach -er teacher
beautiful -ly beautifully
simple -fy simplify
Lesson two
Word Stress
 Word stress

 It is giving of emphasis to a segment

of the spoken word.
 It is also called accent.
 Word stress

 It is the way by which stress or

emphasis is given or applied to the
syllable of a word.
 syllable

 It is a unit of spoken language that

may either be purely a vowel or a
combination of vowel and consonant
sounds.
 syllable

 love
 happy
 important
 example
 instruction
 Important rules on Word stress

1. There is only ONE stress per word.

– In the word has more than one
stress, secondary or weak stress,
only give emphasis to the major
stress of the word.
 Important rules on Word stress

2. Only vowels are stressed and not

consonants.
– Vowels in word that are not stressed
are called schwa. (sofa, ability, allow)
 Other rules on Word stress

 Most two-syllable nouns, adjectives,

and adverbs are stressed on the first
syllable.
 NOUNS: level (LE-vel), person (PER-
son), money (MO-ney)
 Other rules on Word stress

 Most two-syllable nouns, adjectives,

and adverbs are stressed on the first
syllable.
 ADJECTIVES: constant (CON-stant),
useful (USE-ful), candid (CAN-did)
 Other rules on Word stress

 Most two-syllable nouns, adjectives,

and adverbs are stressed on the first
syllable.
 ADVERBS: always (AL-ways), over (O-
ver), only (ON-ly)
 Other rules on Word stress

 Most two-syllable verbs and

prepositions are stressed on the
second syllable.
 VERBS: consume (con-SUME),
negate (ne-GATE), refuse (re-FUSE)
 Other rules on Word stress

 Most two-syllable verbs and

prepositions are stressed on the
second syllable.
 PREPOSITIONS: outside (out-SIDE),
against (a-GAINST), along (a-LONG)
 Other rules on Word stress

 Most words ending in –ic, -sion, and –

tion are stressed on the penultimate
or second to the last syllable.
 platonic (pla-TO-nic), decision (de-CI-
sion)
 Other rules on Word stress

 Most words ending in –cy, -ty, -phy,

-gy, and -al are stressed on the
antepenultimate or third from the
last syllable.
 Palatability (pa-la-ta-BI-li-ty),
choreography (cho-re-O-gra-phy),
anthropology (an-thro-PO-lo-gy)
 Other rules on Word stress

 Heteronyms are words that are

spelled the same but pronounced
differently.
 Record (RE-cord or re-CORD)
project music circus justice captain promise
fashion conflict women courage market pickle
princess picture present jelly eagle soccer
people language donate contrast lobster finger
pizza city fifteen mango insult yourself
thirty apple monkey object flawless success
people nothing teacher also increase goodness
freedom circle winter ginger distance discount
 WORD RULE SYLLABLE WITH PART OF SPEECH
STRESS

autobiographical D autobioGRAphical noun

A. Most two-syllable nouns, adjectives, and adverbs are stressed on

the first syllable.
B. Most two-syllable verbs and prepositions are stressed on the
second syllable.
C. Most words ending in –ic, -sion, and –tion are stressed on the
penultimate or second to the last syllable.
D. Most words ending in –cy, -ty, -phy, -gy, and -al are stressed on
the antepenultimate or third from the last syllable.