The sensory organs

The visual organ

consists of eyeball and accessory organs of eye.
The structure of eyeball

The eyeball comprises the wall of the

eyeball and the contents enclosed by it ．
The Wall of Eyeball
It consists of three tunics(layers), from
outside inwards ， which are the fibrous
tunic ， the vascular tunic and retina ．
1 The fibrous tunic(outer supporting layer)
consists of the sclera behind and the cornea in
front.
1) The sclera
a. features: posterior five-sixths of the outer
layer . strong , white and opaque
b. scleral venous sinus (Schlemm’ canal)
2) The cornea
a. features: anterior one-sixth of the outer layer.
transparent and non-vascular, but rich nerve
terminals
2. The vascular tunic
consists of the iris, the ciliary body and the
choroid
1) The iris
a. location and shape
b. pupil
c. sphincter and dilator pupillae
d. iridocorneal angle
e. colour : brown , dark , blue .depends upon the
number and placement of pigment cells
(melanocytes)
2) The ciliary body
a.location and shape
b.ciliary ring and ciliary processes
c.ciliary muscle
d.ciliary zonule(suspensory ligament)
e.function: produce aqueous humor
3) The choroid
a.location and shape : posterior two thirds
of choroid
b. features : numerous blood vessels and
pigment cells
3. The inner tunic (the retina)
1) Division: the optic part, ciliary part and iridial
part
2)Construction: two layers →outer pigmented
layer and inner neuroretina(photoreceptors:
rod and cone cells)
3) Optic disc (blind spot)
4) Macula lutea : fovea centralis→vision is
sharpest
The contents of the eyeball
include the aqueous humor, the vitreous
body and the lens .With the cornea
altogether to form the refractive media.
l. The chambers of the eye : between the
cornea and the lens; and divided into the
anterior and the posterior chambers by the
iris .It is filled with aqueous humor.
2. The aqueous humor : produced by the
capillaries of the ciliary processes. It is
colourless, transparent and watery fluid.
3. The lens
1) Location : lies between the iris and the
vitreous body.
2) Features: transparent and elastic, biconvex
body lacking vessels and nerves
3 ） Structures: outer cortex and inner
nucleus
4. The vitreous body
colourless, transparent and jelly-like
substance . It fills the space between the
lens and the retina (the vitreous chamber)
The accessory organs of eye

The accessory organs of the eye includes

the eyelid, the conjunctiva, the lacrimal
apparatus, the extraocular muscles and the
fasciae.
一 The eyelids (or palpebrae)
include the upper and lower eyelids
1Structures:Palpebral fissure, lacrimal papilla
and punctum
2 Layers: skin, subcutaneous areolar tissue,
orbicularis oculi, tarsus, and conjunctiva.
The conjunctiva
Division: bulbar conjunctiva , palpebral
conjunctiva and conjunctival fornix
The Lacrimal Apparatus
consists of the lacrimal gland and tbe
lacrimal passages
1 The lacrimal gland : lies in the lacrimal fossa
of the orbit
2 The lacrimal passages
1) The lacrimal punctum
2) The lacrimal ductule (canaliculus)
3) The lacrimal sac
4) The nasolacrimal duct
The extraocular muscles
1 The four rectus muscles
the medial and lateral rectuses, the superior
and posterior rectuses
2 The two oblique muscles
the superior obliquus (superior oblique m. )
and the inferior obliguus (inferior oblique
m. )
3 The levator palpebrae superioris
The connective tissue in the Orbit

1 The adipose body of orbit

2 The sheath of eyeball(the capsule of Tenon)
3 The episcleral space
The blood vessels of eye

The arteries of eye

supplied by the ophthalmic artery
1 The central artery of retina: superior and
inferior nasal retinal arteries, superior and
inferior temporal retinal arteries
2 The short posterior ciliary arteries: supply the
choroid coat and ciliary process
3 The long posterior ciliary arteries: supply the
iris
The veins of eye
1 The ophthalmic veins :the superior and the
inferior ophthalmic v.
2 The central vein of retina
The vestibulocochlear organ

The vestibulocochlear organ is divided into

three parts: the external, middle and
internal ears.
Section one the external ear

The external ear consists of

the auricle,
external acoustic meatus, and
tympanic membrane
1 The auricle
2 The external acoustic meatus
extends from the externa1 acoustic pore to the
tympanic membrane
1) Two parts: lateral part : the cartilaginous part (
one-third )
medial part : the bony part (two-thirds )
2) Direction: passes medially, its lateral part runs
forwards and upwards, and then backwards
and the medial part runs forwards and
downwards
3 The tympanic membrane
oval in form, thin and semi-transparent
1) Two parts: tense part (lower three fourths of
tympanic membrane) and flaccid part(upper
one fourth )
2) The umbo
3) Cone of light: lie anteroinferior to the tense
part of umbo
The middle ear
The middle ear lies between the external
and inner ears, and includes three parts:
the tympanic cavity, the auditory tube and
the mastoid cells.
1 The tympanic cavity
l) The walls of the tympanic cavity →six walls:
a. The tegmental wall (superior wall)
b. The jugular wall (inferior wall)
c. The carotid wall (anterior wall)
d. The mastoid wall (posterior wall)
e. The membranous wall (lateral wall)
f. The labyrinthine wall (medial wall)
2) The auditory ossicles
a.three ossicles: the malleus, incus and stapes
b. The muscles of the tympanic cavity :the
tensor tympani and the stapedius
2 The auditory tube (Eustachian tube)
the channel through which the tympanic
cavity communicates with the
nasopharynx.
3 The mastoid cells
spaces in the mastoid process of the
temporal bone
The internal ear

The internal (inner) ear lies in the petrous

part of the temporal bone and consists of
two parts:
the bony labyrinth and
the membranous labyrinth.
The bony labyrinth
three parts :
the cochlea ,
the vestibule and
the semicircular canals.
1 The cochlea:
looks like the shell of a snail and composed
of the bony canal
2 The vestibule: the central part of the bony
labyrinth. On its lateral wall, there are two
openings: the fenestra vestibuli and the
fenestra cochleae . On the posterior wall of the
vestibule there are the five openings of the
semicircular canals. On its anterior wall a
large opening communicates with the scala
vestibuli.
3 The semicircular canals
three in number, anterior (superior),
posterior and lateral semicircular canal
The membranous labyrinth
from before
backwards,
includes: the
cochlear duct,
the utricle and
saccule, and
the
membranous
semicircular
ducts.
1 The cochlear duct
a.Section of the cochlea:
shows three channels:
the scala tympani,
scala vestibuli and
the cochlear duct
 b.the cochlear duct(transverse section)
three walls :
superior wall→the vestibular membrane
lateral wall→the thickend endosteum
inferior wall→ the basilar membrane(spiral
membrane) and the outer part of the lamina
of modiolus
The spiral organ on the basilar membrane
2 The utricle and saccule
The maculae are the organs of static balance.
3 The semicircular ducts
The ampullary crests are the organs of kinetic
balance.
The conduction of
sound