University of Hormuud

Course name:
Circuit Analysis I
(course overview)

Eng. Abdisalam Abdulahi Mohamed

1
Learning outcomes

1. Identify key elements in an electrical circuit.

2. Apply circuit analysis methods to solve problems
involving resistive elements.
3. Apply circuit analysis methods to solve problems
involving resistive, capacitive and inductive elements.
4. Calculate various powers in sinusoidal steady-state
analysis.

2
Course policy

• Attendance is compulsory.
• You are responsible for whatever is taught in the
lecture. If you miss a class, it is your responsibility to
find out about assignment, quizzes and exam.
• Punctuality is expected.
• You are encouraged to collaborate (not copy) on
assignment problems with your "study buddies.”

3
Teaching activities

• Lecture :

• Four hours per week for 15 weeks

• Monday and Tuesday

• Tutorials :
• Based on chapter covered in lecture session

4
 Assessments

Test I 10%
Test II 10%
Home Works & Quiz 10%
Assignments 10%
Final examination 60%
100%

5
Reference Books

1. Fundamental of Electric Circuits - Alexander Sadiku.

2. Electric Circuits - James W.Nilsson .
3. Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology - John Bird.

6
You are needed to:

• Study Smart not HARD!

• Pay attention in class!
• Please ask if you have any questions !
• Refresh what you have learnt in class at home!
• Jot down, remember and familiarize with all the
formulas.

7
Chapter One

Basic Concepts

8
 Introduction

• What is Electrical Engineering?

9
 Introduction

• What is Electrical Engineering?

– Deal with study & application of electricity, electronics and

electromagnetism
• Electrical engineering sub-discipline:-
– Power – gen, trans, distr (transmit energy)
– Electronics – testing and design electronic circuit
– Control – output goes to the desired input (eg lift)
– Microelectronics – Integrated Circuit design
– Signal Processing – analyze and manipulate signal
– Telecommunications – transmit information (signal)
– Instrumentation – measurement
10
Units and Standards

• As electrical engineers, we deal with measurable quantities.

• measurement must be communicated in a standard language

that all professionals can understand.

• The International System of Units (SI), adopted by the

General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1960.
•
• One great advantage of the SI unit is that it uses prefixes based
on the power of 10 to relate larger and smaller units to the
basic unit.
11
SI Units
SI consist of 7 base units
Name Symbol Quantity
kilogram kg Mass
decond s Time
metre m Length
ampere A Electrical current
kelvin K Temperature
mole mol Amount of
substance
candela cd Luminous
intensity

12
SI Units
Derived Units in SI

13
 SI Units

• Scientific notation – very convenient to represent either large or

small numbers. Also used for calculation purposes. Represented in
the power-of-ten. For eg, 480 = 4.8X102.
• Engineering notation – similar to scientific notation but the power-
of-ten is restricted to be the multiples of three only. For eg:-

1. 4820 = 4.82X103.
2. 0.0578 = 57.8X10-3.
• The engineering notation is defined as such in order to use the
metric prefixes.
14
SI Units
Metric prefix Symbol Power of ten
femto f 10-15
pico p 10-12
nano n 10-9
micro  10-6
milli m 10-3
kilo k 103
mega M 106
giga G 109
tera T 1012

For eg:, 0.189 amperes = 189X10-3 A = 189 mA 15

 Atom Structure
• Atom – smallest particle of any element
• Bohr model – atom is build from a nucleus (consist of proton and neutron) and a
set of orbiting electrons.
• Protons is a positively charge particles, neutrons is an uncharged particles,
electrons is a negatively charge particles.
• Each atom is distinguishable by the number of electrons and protons. Atomic
number equal to the number of protons.
• Electrons at the outermost shell/orbit is called valence electrons. Located at the
highest energy level and loosely bound to the atom.
• Electrons can only absorb or emit energy. Becomes free electron when absorbs
sufficient energy. Free electrons is important for electrical current flow.
16
 Electrical Charge
• Electrical Charge – the most basic quantity in electrical circuit. In SI unit,
measured in Coulombs (C).
• The charge on a electron is -1.602 X 10-19 C.
• Thus, in 1C of charge, how many electron they have?
• Based on the charge conservation law, charge can neither be created nor
destroyed. It can only be transferred.
• Battery connected with conductors (wires), +ve and –ve charges are forced to
move in opposite direction. Current flow is the movement of +ve charge.
e e
I e e I = symbol of current
Ampere = unit of current
17
 Electrical Current

• Electrical Current – time rate of change of charge.

dq measured in amperes (A)
i
dt
• Current is also the NET FLOW of positive charges.

• Thus, 1 ampere = 1 coulomb / 1 second

• There are 2 types of current :-

– Current remains constant with time – DIRECT CURRENT (DC)

– Current varies with time - ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC)

18
Electrical Current
• DIRECT CURRENT(DC)

Example

A total charge entering a conductor is q(t)=2t. Find the

current, I(t), and sketch the waveform?
19
Electrical Current

• ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC)

Example

A total charge entering a conductor is q(t)=50sin(150t).

Find the current, I(t) at t=0.5s? 20
21
22
23
Voltage

• To move electrons, certain work / energy is required. External

electromotive force (emf) performs this work, eg battery or
generator (dynamo).
• This emf is a.k.a. VOLTAGE or POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE.
• Voltage = the energy required to move a unit of charge between
TWO POINTS (a & b) in an element.

dw
• vab  ;measured in volts (V)
dq
24
Voltage

• 1 volt = 1 joule / (1 coulomb). Thus, if 1 joule of energy is

required to move 1 coulomb charge between two points, then the
voltage is 1 volt.
• Voltage always refer between two points (a & b). The plus (+)
sign for terminal ‘a’ and minus (-) sign for terminal ‘b’ are used
to define the voltage polarity and the reference point.
a
Vab = -Vba
Element
b
25
Voltage
• Representation of voltage.
a
Vab = 9V
9V Element
Vba = -9V
b

a
Vab = ?
Vab = 9V
-9 V Element Vba = ?
Vba = -9V
b
26
 Voltage

• Like electrical current, there are 2 types of voltage :-

– Voltage remains constant with time – DC VOLTAGE

– Voltage varies with time – AC VOLTAGE

27
 Power & Energy
• Current and voltage and its relation to real life purposes –
POWER.
• Power and its relation to electrical appliances? 40W bulb? 60W
bulb?
• Power & energy and its relation to the amount of bill we have to
pay to the power utility company ?
• POWER = time rate of energy absorbed of generated/expanded,
measured in watt (W).

dw dw dq
p    v i
dt dq dt
28
 Power and Energy

• Thus, POWER = VOLTAGE x CURRENT

p  v i
• For positively sign power – power is being absorbed
• For negatively sign power – power is being supplied

• How to know whether the power is positive or negative?

• The direction of voltage and current will determine the power sign.
This condition is called passive sign convention.

29
 Power and Energy
• Passive sign convention stated two condition:-

– if the current enters through the positive terminal, then the power
is positive (p = +vi)
– if the current enters through the negative terminal, then the
power is negative (p = – vi)
i i

v v

p=+vi p=-vi 30
 Power and Energy

• Find the power for the following circuits. Mention whether the
element is absorbing/supplying power?
i i

v v

i
v=5V ; i=3A v=4V ; i=7A

v=2V ; i= –2A
31
 Power and Energy
• Bear in mind the law of conservation of energy, which stated that
POWER SUPPLIED = POWER ABSORBED in any electrical circuit.
• Thus, the energy supplied/absorbed by an element during certain period
(t0 to t1) is

t1 t1
w   p  dt   vi  dt
t0 t0

• Energy is the capacity to do work, and normally measured in Joule

(J), but electric power utility companies uses different
measurement which is watt-hour (Wh).
32
33
34
35
 Circuit Element

• Electric Circuit = interconnection of electrical element.

• Basically, there are 2 types of electrical elements:-
1. Passive elements – incapable of generating energy. Eg;
resistors, capacitors, inductors
2. Active elements – capable of generating energy. Eg;
generators, batteries.
• Voltage and current sources – most important active elements
– use to deliver power to the circuit.
• Both voltage and current sources can be divided into two main
categories which are dependent and independent sources.
 Electrical
Circuit

Passive Active Elements

Elements eg; battery,
eg; R, L, C generator

Current source
Voltage source

Dependent ‘v’ Independent ‘v’

source source
Independent ‘i’
source Dependent ‘i’
source

37
 Circuit Element
• Independent source – an active element which supplies
voltage/current independently with other element. The symbol of
these element is shown in previous figure. The round shape ‘v’
source is used for constant or time-varying voltage; while the bar
shape is used for constant voltage only. The arrow of the ‘i’ source
shows the direction of the current.

• Dependent source – an active element that supplies voltage/current,

in which the magnitude/value is controlled by other elements
voltage/current. Symbols for dependent sources are shown in
previous figure, which utilizing the diamond-shape symbols for
both voltage and current.
 Circuit Element
• Noticed that the voltage/current is controlled by other
voltage/current elements. Thus, there are 4 combinations
for dependent voltage/current sources namely:-

– A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS)

– A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS)
– A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS)
– A current-controlled current source (CCCS)
Circuit Elements

• Ideal dependent voltage source

CCVS
2 Ix (Current Controlled Current Source)

VCVS
20 Vx (Voltage Controlled Current
Source)
Circuit Elements

• Ideal dependent current source

CCCS
2 Ix (Current Controlled Current Source)

VCCS
20 Vx (Voltage Controlled Current Source)
42
Cont..

43
Cont..

44
45
Problems (1)
The charge entering a certain element is shown in Fig. . Find
the current at:
(a) t = 1 ms (b) t = 6 ms (c) t = 10 ms
Problems (2)
• The voltage v across a device and the current i through
it are
v(t) = 5 cos 2t V, i(t) = 10(1 − e−0.5t ) A Calculate:
(a) the total charge in the device at t = 1 s
(b) the power consumed by the device at t = 1 s.
Problems (3)
• Figures below shows the current through and the voltage
across a device. Find the total energy absorbed by the
device for the period of 0 < t < 4 s.
 Problems (4)
The current through an element is shown in Fig. below.
Determine the total charge that passed through the element at:
(a) t = 1 s (b) t = 3 s (c) t = 5 s