Radar Cross Section, Transmitter power,

Antenna Parameters

Muhammad Zubair 15TC06

Muhammad Afzaal Aziz 15TC14
 Outline
 Radar cross section
 Significance of Radar Cross Section
 Transmitter power
 Antenna Gain/Power
 Transmitter Power
 Antenna Parameters
 Directivity
 Gain
 Aperture Efficiency
 Radar cross section
 Radar cross section is the measure of a target's ability to reflect radar signals
in the direction of the radar receiver, i.e. it is a measure of the ratio of
backscatter power per steradian (unit solid angle) in the direction of the radar
(from the target) to the power density that is intercepted by the target.
 The RCS of a target can be viewed as a comparison of the strength of the
reflected signal from a target to the reflected signal from a perfectly smooth
sphere of cross sectional area of 1 m2 as shown in Figure 1
Cont.
 The conceptual definition of RCS includes the fact that not all of
the radiated energy falls on the target. A target’s RCS (σ) is most
easily visualized as the product of three factors:

σ = Projected cross section x Reflectivity x Directivity .

Cont.
 In Figure 2, RCS patterns are shown as objects are rotated
about their vertical axes (the arrows indicate the direction of
the radar reflections).
 The sphere is essentially the same in all directions.
 The flat plate has almost no RCS except when aligned directly
toward the radar.
 As shown in Figure , if the RCS of an aircraft is reduced to 0.75 (75%) of its original value,
then (1) the jammer power required to achieve the same effectiveness would be 0.75 (75%)
of the original value (or -1.25 dB). Likewise, (2) If Jammer power is held constant, then
burn-through range is 0.87 (87%) of its original value (-1.25 dB), and (3) the detection range
of the radar for the smaller RCS target (jamming not considered) is 0.93 (93%) of its original
value (-1.25 dB).
 Transmitter power
 In radio transmission, transmitter power is the actual amount of
power (in watts) of radio frequency (RF) energy that a transmitter
produces at its output.

 Transmitter power is rated based on a 0-db antenna load—that is,

the resistance and output of the antenna are assumed to be exactly
the same as those of the transmitter feeding it. A
 Radio Transmitter Powers
 AM broadcast band transmitter power levels tend to be around
100kW to 500kW.
 FM band transmitters are more often found close to office or
industrial environments and the greatest threat is to equipment on
the upper floors of tall buildings, which may be in line of sight to
a nearby transmitter of typically 10kW.
 Portable transmitters (walkie-talkies, cellphones) do not have a
high radiated power. field strengths from a 1Wu.h.f. hand held
transmitter are 5V/m to 7V/m at half a meter distance.
 Cont.

  
The energy content of a continuous-wave radar transmission may be
easily figured because the transmitter operates continuously.
 However, pulsed radar transmitters are switched on and off to provide
range timing information with each pulse.
 Power measured over such a period of time is referred to as average
power.
 P = P average = Pulse Width (τ) = Duty Cycle
 Pi PRT (Τ)
 Peak power must be calculated more often than average power. This is
because most measurement instruments measure average power
directly
 Antenna Parameters
 An Antenna or Aerial is a transducer, which converts
electrical power into electromagnetic waves and vice
versa.
An Antenna has the following parameters −
 Directivity
 Aperture Efficiency
 Antenna Efficiency
 Gain
 Directivity

The ratio of maximum radiation intensity of the

subject Antenna to the radiation intensity of an
isotropic or reference Antenna, radiating the same
total power is called the Directivity.
 Aperture Efficiency
Aperture efficiency of an Antenna is the ratio of the effective
radiating area (or effective area) to the physical area of the
aperture.
 Antenna Efficiency
Antenna Efficiency is the ratio of the radiated power of the
Antenna to the input power accepted by the Antenna.
 Gain

Gain of an Antenna is the ratio of the radiation intensity in a

given direction to the radiation intensity that would be obtained
if the power accepted by the Antenna were radiated isotopically.
 The term Antenna gain describes how much power is
transmitted in the direction of peak radiation to that of an
isotropic source.
 Gain is usually measured in dB.
 Unlike Directivity, Antenna gain takes the losses that occur
also into account and hence focuses on the efficiency.
Thank You!