RECEIVER NOISE, SNR,

INTEGRATION OF RADAR PULSES

PRESENTED BY:
MUHAMMAD USMAN YASEEN 15TC17
MUHAMMAD IMRAN 15TC18

PRESENTED TO:
Engr. Abdur Rehman Rizvi
Outline

 Noise
 Receiver noise
 Thermal noise
 Signal to Noise ratio
 Integration of radar pulses
 Noise:

Noise is an unwanted disturbance in an electrical signal. Noise is a random or

unwanted signal .

RECEIVER NOISE:
Noise is the chief limiting factor  of the sensitivity of a receiver. If the receiver itself
were perfect and did not generate any excess noise, there would still exist noise
called thermal noise.
 Thermal noise:

 Noise generated by the thermal motion of the conduction electrons. This noise is

called thermal noise.
Pn = kTBn
  k is Boltzmann's constant = 1.38 × 10−23 J/deg.
  Bn is the equivalent noise bandwidth
 T is temperature in kelvin.
The noise of a system or network can be defined in 3 different
but related ways

1)
 Noise
  factor
2) Noise figure
3) Noise temperature
Noise Factor:
Noise factor specifies how much additional noise the device will contribute to the
noise already from the source.
 Noise Figure:

It is  noise
 factor converted to decibel. It is measure of degradation of signal to noise
ratio (SNR)
 It is the ratio of SNR at input to the SNR at output.
 Noise Temperature:

The noise temperature is the noise introduced by amplifier that may be termed as
effective temperature. Given by

T = N/kB
 Where N is the noise power within bandwidth B, and
 k = 1.38 × 10-23J K-1 is Boltzmann's constant
 Signal to Noise Ratio:

The  signal
 to noise ratio, SNR or S/N ratio is one of the most straightforward
methods of measuring radio receiver sensitivity.
SNR is defined as the ratio of signal power to the noise power, often expressed
in decibels.
Integration of Radar Pulses

The process of summing all the radar pulses to improve detection is known as “Pulse
integration”
Depending on location of the pulse integrator in the signal processing chain this
process is referred to as
 coherent integration.
 non-coherent integration.
 Coherent Integration:

 Insertion of a Pulse integrator between the matched filter and amplitude detector.
 Pre detection Integration
 Phase information of the echo signal is preserved
 If n pulse are integrated, the SNR of integrated signal is nSNR.
 Difficult to implement
Non-Coherent Integration :

Integrator is placed after the amplitude or square law detector.

 Post detection Integration
 Detector destroys phase information. Less efficient than pre detection.
 If n pulse are integrated, the SNR of integrated signal is lesser than nSNR.
 Easy to implement