Unit 5 Planning & Schedule

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Unit 5
PROJECT PLANNING AND SCHEDULING
? Why Planning is required
To perform any function with a minimum of wasted time
TIME = MONEY
Project planning steps:

1. Define the scope.
2. List the activities.(WBS)
3. Link the activities to the people who will do it.(OBS)
4. Order the activities.
5. Specify time, cost, and resources.
6. Develop project network.
WBS
OBS
Unit 5
: SCHEDULE
A time phased plan for a function
Schedules are used as guides during the performance of an operation in

order to control the pace of activities and to permit completion of the
operation at the desired or required time
Unit 5
: Forms of Schedule
Written Schedule .1
Bar Graph Schedule .2
Network Schedule .3
a. Critical Path Method (CPM) Networks
b. Program Evaluation and Review Techniques (PERT)

Unit 5
Scheduling principles Processes involved in scheduling
Task definition : Identifying the specific work tasks required .1
Task sequencing : Identifying relationship between tasks .2
Task duration estimating : Estimating how long a task will take .3
Schedule development : Adding resource constraints to develop a .4

schedule
Schedule control : Controlling and managing changes to the schedule .5

Unit 5
: Bar Chart Schedule ( Gantt Chart)
Consists of a number of bars representing the activities .1
The length of the bar indicates the duration of the activity .2

Unit 5
: Bar Chart Schedule ( Gantt Chart)
Merits
A simple model for a project .1
Progress of the project can be easily marked on the schedule .2
Demerits
Gantt charts do not show relationships among tasks .1
2. This method fails to identify those activities which control the

project duration (critical activities)
It is not a good model to use to determine where delays will .3

affect the overall completion of a project if the project is very
big and contains many activities
Unit 5
: Network Techniques
A Network shows major project activities and their relationships

It consists of Nodes and Arrows
Two methods for drawing a net work
Activity On Arrow diagram ( A O A ) .1

Arrow represent activities Concreting
10 11
Nodes represents events 5
Duration
2. Activity On Node diagram ( A O N)
Nodes represents activities

Activity
Number Arrow represent relations between activities
3 4 Duration
Concreting Plastering
5 2
Unit 5
Definition of terms
1. Project :
It denotes the entire structure
2. Activity :
It is an identifiable job which consumes time money and resources in
doing that job.
: Event .3
It is the beginning or end of an activity which does not consume time,
money and resources
: Predecessor Event .4
An event which occurs immediately before another event
Unit 5
Definition of terms
: Successor Event .5
.An event which follows immediately after another event
6. Predecessor activity :
An activity which occurs immediately before another event
7. Successor Activity :
An activity that follows immediately after another event
: Dummy activity .8
An imaginary activity which does not require time money and resources.
.It is introduced to maintain network logic
Unit 5
Definition of terms
: Current activity .9
.Activity under consideration
: Concurrent activity .10

.An activity which occurs simultaneously with another activity
:Source .11
It is the starting or initial event of a project. It has only emerging
.activities and no entering activities
: Sink .12
It is the last or end event of a project. It has only entering activities and
.no emerging activities
Unit 5
Example : Suppose in a project there are three activities
1. Excavate for foundation (9 days)
2. Place Concrete (3 days)
3. Construct Masonry (12 days)
These activities can be represented as below
Activit Description of Activity Activity Graphical representation

y Duration
Symbol
A
A Excavate Foundations 9 days 9
B
B Place Concrete 3 days 3
C Construct Masonry 12 days C
12
Unit 5
Numbering of events :
1. The number at the head is always greater that at the tail
2. The same number is not repeated
3. The tail node is numbered first
Example 5.2
The activities and their predecessor relationships of a project are
denoted by their node numbers as below. Draw the network
Activity
Symbol A B C D E F G H K
Activity
Identificatio 1-2 1-3 2-4 2-5 3-6 4-7 5-7 6-8 7-8
n
Unit 5
Example 5.2 (Solution)
C F
2 4 7
A
D
K
G
1
B 5
8
3 H
E
6
Unit 5
Example 5.3
A project consists of the following activities. The precedence relationship
between the activities are as below.
 A and B are the initial activities

 C and D follow A
 B precedes E
 F follows C
 D and E precede G
 H follows G and F
 H is the last activity
Draw the network for this project and number the events
Unit 5
AOA
C F H
2 5 6 7
A
D
G
1
B 4
E
3
Unit 5
AON
C
F
A
D H
G
 A and B are the initial activities
 C and D follow A
B E  B precedes E
 F follows C
 D and E precede G
 H follows G and F
 H is the last activity
Unit 5
:Forms of Schedule
Project planning steps:
1. Define the scope. 1. Written Schedule

Bar Graph Schedule .2
2. List the activities.(WBS)
Network Schedule .3
3. Link the activities to the people who will do it.(OBS)
4. Order the activities.
5. Specify time, cost, and resources.
6. Develop project network.
:Two methods for drawing a network
Activity On Arrow diagram ( A O A ) .1 2. Activity On Node diagram ( A O N)
Unit 5
Activity Time Estimates
1. Project Completion Time (T) : The minimum time required to
complete the project
2. Earliest Start Time (EST) : earliest possible time at which an activity

can start ( = E E T of the tail event)
3. Earliest Finish Time (EFT) : earliest possible time at which an

activity can be completed
( = E S T + Duration )
4. Latest Finish Time (LFT) : Latest possible time at which an

activity can be completed
( = L E T of the following event )
5. Latest Start Time (LST) : Latest possible time at which an activity can
be started ( = L F T - Duration )
Unit 5
ES EF
activity
LS D LF
0 5 5 8
A B
0 5 5 5 3 8
Unit 5
Activity Symbol A B C D E F G H J K
Predecessor Activity
Nil Nil Nil Nil A D E,B,C C C J,F
Duration (Days)
4 3 5 2 3 4 2 6 4 6
0 4 4 7 7 9
A E G
6 4 10 10 3 13 13 2 15
0 3 5 11
B H
10 3 13 9 6 15
0 5 5 9 9 15
C J
0 5 5 K
5 4 9 9 6 15
0 2
D 2 6
3 2 5
F
5 4 9
Unit 5
Float
Float is the difference between the time available for
the performance of the activity and the actual
activity time.
Three types of Float
1. Total Float
2. Free Float
3. Independent Float
Unit 5
1. Total Float
is the amount of time an activity can be delayed

without delaying the project completion date.
It is the range between the latest finish time and its earliest finish
time available for each activity.
TF = LFT – EFT OR TF = LST – EST

Unit 5
2. Free Float
is the amount of time an activity can be

delayed without delaying the Early Start of its
successor activity.
It is the time difference between the earliest finish time of an

activity and the earliest start time of the next activity.
FF = EST of its succeeding activities – EFT of that activity

Unit 5
3. Independent Float
The maximum amount of time that activity can be delayed, without

delaying the early start of the succeeding activities, and without
being affected by the allowable delay time or period of time of the
preceding activities.
IF of an activity = LF of its preceding activity + Duration of the activity
– ES of its succeeding activity

Unit 5
Critical Path
This path actually controls the project completion time.
The activities lying in this path are called as critical activities.
Critical activities will have zero floats.

Unit 5
The critical activities are : C – J – K
0 4 4 7 7 9
A E G
6 4 10 10 3 13 13 2 15
0 3 5 11
B H
10 3 13 9 6 15
0 5 5 9 9 15
C J
0 5 5 K
5 4 9 9 6 15
0 2
D 2 6
3 2 5
F
5 4 9
Unit 5
ES EF
activity
LS D LF
0 5 5 8
A B
0 5 5 5 3 8
Unit 5
Event Time estimates
Early Event Time (EET) : The earliest time at which each event may .1
occur
E E T of an event = E E T of the previous event + the duration of

the activity connecting the two events
2. Late Event Time (LET) : The latest possible time at which each
event may occur without changing the
project duration
L E T of an event = L E T of the succeeding event - duration of the

activity connecting the two events
Unit 5
Activity
EET EET
ES EF
1 2
LS LF
LET LET
Unit 5
Example 5.4
Draw network for the following activities. Calculate EET and LET for
all the events
Activity
Symbol A B C D E F G H J K
Predecessor E,B
Nil Nil Nil Nil A D C C J,F
Activity ,C
Duration
4 3 5 2 3 4 2 6 4 6
(Days)
Unit 5
Calculate Early Event Time (EET) for Example 5.4
4 7
E
2 3 5
G
A 2
4 B
0 3 15
1 C
5 H 7
5 3 6
J K
D 6
4 9
2
2
F 6
4 4
If there are more than one activity meeting at an event, the largest value of possible
early event time is chosen
Unit 5
Calculate Late Event Time (LET) for Example 5.4
7
4
E
2 3 5
13
10 G
A 2
4 B
0 3 15
1 C
5 H 7
0
5 3 6 15
5
J K
D 6
4 9
2
2
F 6
4 4
9
5
If there are more than one activity meeting at an event, the smallest value of possible late
event time is chosen
Unit 5
Calculate E S T of all the activities for Example 5.4
7
4 E
4
2 5
G
B 3 13 7
A 10
0
0 2
0 15
4 3
H
1 0
C 5 5 7
0
3 J 6
15
5 K
D 5 5
0 9
4 9 6
2 F
2
2 6
4 9
4
5
EST
EST of
of Activity B
GA
D
K
C
JH
Activity F
E = EE TE of
E T of
Event 1=
Event
2 54
63
4 0
= =27
95
Unit 5
Calculate E F T of all the activities for Example 5.4
4 7
E
4 7
2 5
G
B 3 13 7
A 10 9
4 3
0 0
2
0 15
4 3
H
1 0
C 5 5 11 7
5
0
3 J 6
15
5 K
D 5 5 9 15
0 9
2
4 9 6
2 F
2
2 6 6
4 9
4
5
EE FF TT of
of Activity FK
E
C
B
D
Activity H
AG
J E S T of Activity H
F
E
C
B
D
G +
JK +
A Duration
+ Duration of
of JFE
Duration of C
B
D=
H
G
A
K =
=5240
= 0+
95
7 +
+4434
+ 5
66
2==
=9673
= 5
2======
11
9
4
15
Unit 5
Calculate L F T of all the activities for Example 5.4
4 7
E
4 7
2 13
5
G
B 3 13 7
A 10 9
4 3 15
0 10 0
13 2
15
0
4 3
H
1 0
C 5 5 11 7
5
15
0 5 3 J 6
15
5 K
D 5 5 9 15
0
15
2 9 9
5 4 9 6
2 F
2
2 6 6
4 9
9
4
5
LLLFFFTTTLof
FActivity
ofof GKH
TActivity J E
of Activity A
F =
B
C
D LELLEE
LL= EE TT of
of event
event32547=
6 =
7= 15
=913===9
Activity L= L=ET
LTETETof
of
T
LofE
T Tevent
event
of event
of
event
ofof event
event
event 5=
=
7 =10
13
5
5=6
= 15
=
15
=
Unit 5
Calculate L S T of all the activities for Example 5.4
4 7
E
4 7
2 10 13
5
G
B 3 13 7
A
4 10 3 13 9
0 0 15
0 10 10 1
3 2
15
6 3
4
H
1 0
C 5 5 11 7
5
0 3 9 15 15
0 5 J 6
5 K
D 5 5 9 15
0 5
15
3 2 9 9
4 9 6
9
5
2 F
2
2 6 6
4 5 9
9
4
5
L S T of Activity A
of Activity E
B
F
G
KH === L F T
JD
C of Activity A
T of E
B
F
G
KH --- Duration
JD
C Duration of
Duration of Activity
ActivityA
ofActivity E
JF
C
B
H
D
G
K
Unit 5
Example 5.5
The duration for the various activities of the network are shown
below. Draw the network and tabulate EST, EFT, LFT, LST, Total
Float, Free Float for all the activities
Activity
Symbol A B C D E F G H J K L
Predecessor
Nil Nil B B A,C A,C A,C D,F E D,F H,G,J
Activity
Duration
9 11 4 7 16 18 3 1 3 2 5
(Weeks)
Time-Grid Diagrams
A B C
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
5 7 8 9 10 11
4/11/2020
Wed
Unit 5
The critical activities are : C – J – K
0 4 4 7 7 9
A E G
6 4 10 10 3 13 13 2 15
0 3 5 11
B H
10 3 13 9 6 15
0 5 5 9 9 15
C J
0 5 5 K
5 4 9 9 6 15
0 2
D 2 6
3 2 5
F
5 4 9
A E G
FF
B
H
C J K
FF
D F
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
15
11/2020
16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 28 29 30 1 2
Sun
Unit 5
Resource Planning
Resource : A resource is a physical variable such as man power,
materials, and equipments that is required to
complete various activities of the project.
The resources are always limited
The various activities of the project should be properly planned in

such a manner that the available resources may be utilized in the
best possible manner.
To achieve this objective, some times it becomes essential to make

changes in the earliest start time of some activities
Unit 5
Resource Planning
There are two methods for resource planning
1. Resource Smoothing.
2. Resource leveling
Unit 5
Resource Planning
1. Resource Smoothing.
 Resource smoothing is done when there is restriction on the

duration of the project
 The demand on the resources is smoothened so that there is

optimum usage of the supplied resources.
 The resources are not kept idle at any point.
 This can be done by shifting the activities through an

intelligent use of floats
Unit 5
Resource Planning
2. Resource Leveling.
 Resource leveling is adopted in case there is restriction on the

availability of the resources.
 Resource leveling is to arrange the activities according to their

float in such a way that the demand on the resources is kept
within the supply of the same.
Unit 5
Resource Planning
Exercise 5.9 :
The network of a project is shown below. The requirement of the masons of each
activity is shown in the table. Level out the requirement of resources, if the
maximum number of masons on any day has to be limited to 7
2 G
A 5
2
B D F
1 6 3 4
5 5 6
C E
4 4
Activity A B C D E F G
Requirement of
4 3 4 3 4 3 4
Mason
Unit 5
Resource Planning
Exercise 5.9 :
Activ- Dura-
EST EFT LFT LST TF
ity tion
A 2 0 2 10 8 8
B 6 0 6 6 0 0
C 4 0 4 10 6
6
D 4 6 10 10 6
0
E 4 4 8 15 11
7
F 5 10 15 15 10
0
G 5 2 7 15 10
8
Unit 5
Resource Planning
Exercise 5.9 :
Days
Activ-
ity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
4 4
A
3 3 3 3 3 3
B
4 4 4 4
C
3 3 3 3
D
E 4 4 4 4
F 3 3 3 3 3
G 4 4 4 4 4
Total
11 11 11 11 11 11 11 7 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
There is maximum demand of labors for the first 7 days and minimum
demand after that. So for leveling the resources, we can delay some
activities having sufficient float.
Unit 5
Resource Planning
Exercise 5.9 :
Days
Activ-
ity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
4 4 4 4
A
3 3 3 3 3 3
B
C 4 4 4 4
D 3 3 3 3
E 4 4 4 4
F
3 3 3 3 3
G
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Total
11 11 11 11 11 11 11 7 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Total 7 7 11 11 11 11 11 7 7 7 3 3 3 3 3
Total 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
Activity
Activity
By this Gadjustment,
A is
is having
having aathe
float
float
demand
of
of 88 days.
days.
on masons
So
So delay
delay
become
itit by
by 88 days
days
7
Unit 5
PER ( Program Evaluation and Review Techniques )
T
PERT is a tool used in management for planning, controlling and
reviewing the progress of a project
The economy and effectiveness of any project usually depends on its

duration.
There are lot of uncertainties in each activity of a project
In PERT, the time estimate depends up on a probabilistic approach
Due to uncertainty in estimating the time, only the limits

within which the duration of each activity will lie is to be
estimated.
Unit 5
T
TIME ESTIMATES
Taking all uncertainties into account there are three time estimates
1. Optimistic Time Estimate , t0
2. Pessimistic Time Estimate , tp
3. Most Likely Time Estimate , tL

Unit 5
T
Expected time :
PERT is calculated using a Weighted Average. It is based
on Beta Distribution. The Mean can be determined by the
following formula.
𝑡 𝑝 +𝑡 𝑜+(4 × 𝑡 𝐿 )
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 ( 𝑃𝐸𝑅𝑇 ) =
6
Unit 5
PERT
In actual execution of a project, the expected time of an activity is
likely to vary due to various uncertainties.
Two statistical methods to measure the extent of variability of an

activity’s duration .
1. Standard Deviation (s) :

It is one sixth of the difference between pessimistic time
and optimistic time t p  to
s
6
2. Variance (V) :
It is square of standard deviation.
2
 t p  to 
V  s  
2

 6 
Unit 5
PERT
Exercise 5.10 :
The activities with their three time estimates for a project are given below.
Activity Time Estimates

Optimistic (t0) Most Likely (tL) Pessimistic (tp)
10 - 20 2 5 14
10 – 30 3 12 21
10 – 40 2 5 8
20 – 40 5 14 17
20 – 50 6 15 30
30 – 50 1 4 7
30 – 60 3 6 21
40 – 60 3 6 9
50 – 60 5 8 17
1. Draw the network diagram

2. Calculate the expected time of each activity
3. Calculate standard deviation and variance for each activity.
Unit 5
PERT
40
10 20 50 60
30
Unit 5
PERT
Time Estimates
Activity S V
t0 tL tp tE
10 - 20 2 5 14 6 2 4
10 – 30 3 12 21 12 3 9
10 – 40 2 5 8
5 1 1
20 – 40 5 14 17
13 2 4
20 – 50 6 15 30
16 4 16
30 – 50 1 4 7
6 1 1
30 – 60 3 6 21
40 – 60 3 6 9 8 3 9
50 – 60 5 8 17 6 1 1
9 2 4
𝑡 +𝑡 +(4 × 𝑡 𝐿 )
t p  to

𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 ( 𝑃𝐸𝑅𝑇 ) = 𝑝 𝑜 s
6 6

Unit 5 Planning &amp; Schedule

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CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

? Why Planning is required

To perform any function with a minimum of wasted time

Project planning steps:

Schedules are used as guides during the performance of an operation in

Bar Graph Schedule .2

b. Program Evaluation and Review Techniques (PERT)

Scheduling principles Processes involved in scheduling

Task definition : Identifying the specific work tasks required .1

Task sequencing : Identifying relationship between tasks .2

Task duration estimating : Estimating how long a task will take .3

Schedule development : Adding resource constraints to develop a .4

Schedule control : Controlling and managing changes to the schedule .5

: Bar Chart Schedule ( Gantt Chart)

Consists of a number of bars representing the activities .1

The length of the bar indicates the duration of the activity .2

: Bar Chart Schedule ( Gantt Chart)

A simple model for a project .1

Progress of the project can be easily marked on the schedule .2

Gantt charts do not show relationships among tasks .1

2. This method fails to identify those activities which control the

It is not a good model to use to determine where delays will .3

A Network shows major project activities and their relationships

Two methods for drawing a net work

Activity On Arrow diagram ( A O A ) .1

Nodes represents activities

: Concurrent activity .10

1. Excavate for foundation (9 days)

2. Place Concrete (3 days)

3. Construct Masonry (12 days)

These activities can be represented as below

Activit Description of Activity Activity Graphical representation

2. The same number is not repeated

3. The tail node is numbered first

Example 5.2 (Solution)

 A and B are the initial activities

Example 5.3 (Solution)

Example 5.3 (Solution)

1. Define the scope. 1. Written Schedule

2. Earliest Start Time (EST) : earliest possible time at which an activity

3. Earliest Finish Time (EFT) : earliest possible time at which an

4. Latest Finish Time (LFT) : Latest possible time at which an

is the amount of time an activity can be delayed

TF = LFT – EFT OR TF = LST – EST

is the amount of time an activity can be

It is the time difference between the earliest finish time of an

FF = EST of its succeeding activities – EFT of that activity

The maximum amount of time that activity can be delayed, without

IF of an activity = LF of its preceding activity + Duration of the activity

– ES of its succeeding activity

This path actually controls the project completion time.

The activities lying in this path are called as critical activities.

Critical activities will have zero floats.

The critical activities are : C – J – K

E E T of an event = E E T of the previous event + the duration of

L E T of an event = L E T of the succeeding event - duration of the

Calculate Early Event Time (EET) for Example 5.4

Calculate Late Event Time (LET) for Example 5.4

The critical activities are : C – J – K

The resources are always limited

The various activities of the project should be properly planned in

To achieve this objective, some times it becomes essential to make

 Resource smoothing is done when there is restriction on the

Unit 5 Planning & Schedule

Unit 5 Planning & Schedule