THE URINARY &

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF
THE HUMAN BODY

Presented by: John Ronald Policarpio

THE URINARY SYSTEM
 THE URINARY SYSTEM
• The urinary system
• eliminate wastes from the
body
• regulate blood volume and
pressure,
• control levels of electrolytes
and metabolites,
• and regulate blood pH.

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1. Two kidneys
2. Two ureters
3. One urinary bladder
4. One urethra

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Placement::
The kidney is protected by three layers of connective tissue:
• A fibrous renal fascia
• The adipose capsule
• The renal capsule

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 Kidney has two regions.

Cortex: is the outer

region

Medulla: is the inner

region
 Filter waste products Filter blood plasma

Regulate blood volume and

pressure by eliminating or
conserving water
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•They regulate the
osmolarity of the body
fluids

•They secrete the

hormone erythropoietin

•They secrete the enzyme

renin
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•They detoxify free radicals
and drugs with the use of
peroxisomes.

•In times of starvation, they

carry out Gluconeogenesis
 Blood enters the kidney
through the renal
artery at the site of the
hilum
The PCT is concerned with
reabsorption- organic nutrients
are reabsorbed and water
follows because there is a
concentration gradient
The remaining filtrate moves
into the descending loop of
henle. This is lined with thin
cells so water moves out
A number of other nephrons
join up to the collecting duct
which travels through the
medulla to the renal papilla
from where the filtrate is
emptied in the minor calyx
2-3 minor calyces join up
to make a major calyx
The renal artery divides
in to ever smaller
arteries and arterioles
The filtered substances
move into the proximal
convoluted tubule
Because water has been
reabsorbed the
concentration of the filtrate
is comparatively high
From the DCT the filtrate
now passes into the
collecting duct.
Several major calyces
join up to form the
renal pelvis
Afferent arterioles take blood
to the glomerulus to be
filtered
Products which are filtered out:
water, mineral salts, amino
acids, glucose, hormones,
urea, toxins
The walls of the ascending
loop of henle are lined with
thicker cells, so water can’t
pass in or out. Instead
sodium and chloride is
pumped out actively
In the DCT the volume
and composition of the
filtrate can be adjusted
but this is controlled by
hormones
The renal pelvis joins the
ureter at the hilum
Once blood is filtered
efferent arterioles take
blood away from the
glomerulus
The glomerulus is a
network of capillaries
which filters the blood
Products which do not
filter and remain in the
blood: Leukocytes,
erythrocytes, platelets,
plasma proteins
The filtrate now enters the
distal convoluted tubule-
is it now only 20% of what
it originally was.
The ureter transports the
filtrate/urine from the
kidney to the bladder
Basic Steps in the Formation of Urine.
 Ureter
• Each ureter is about 25 cm long and
carries urine from the renal pelvis to
the urinary bladder via peristaltic
waves.
.
 Urinary Bladder
• The urinary bladder is a temporary
storage reservoir for urine. It is roughly
an inverted pear shaped organ, but
becomes oval when filled with urine.
 Male Urethra Urethra
It is a thin walled tube that conveys urine from
bladder to external environment.

• 20 cm long
• Transports both urine &
semen. External urethral
orifice opens at tip of
the penis
Female Urethra
• 3-4 cm long [1.5 inches]
• External urethral orifice is
(A)Male urethra (B)Female urethra
separate from the
reproductive system

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 Common diseases and disorders of the urinary
system
 UTI (Urinary Tract Infection)

Kidney Stones
Common diseases and disorders of the urinary
system
Nocturia
Enuresis
 How does the urinary system help the
Homeostasis of the human body?

 The urinary system maintains blood homeostasis by

filtering out excess fluid and other substances from the
bloodstream and secreting waste. The urinary system
also controls red blood cell production by secreting the
hormone erythropoietin from the kidneys
THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
 Male
Reproductive
System
 Human reproduction involves intricate
anatomy and complex behavior

 Reproductive Anatomy of the Human

Male.
 External:
- penis
- scrotum
 Internal:
- gonads
- accessory sex glands and ducts.
Male Reproductive System
Male Reproductive System
Male Reproductive System
External structure of the
penis:
 glans penis
 prepuce (foreskin)
 There is no verifiable
health benefit to
circumcision.
 The penis is composed of three layers of
spongy erectile tissue.
 During sexual arousal the erectile tissue fills
with blood from arteries.
 The resultant increased pressure seals off the
veins that drain the penis.
The engorgement of the penis
with blood causes an
erection.
Testes
 Testes are the male gonads.
 seminiferous tubules- form sperm
 Leydig cells (interstitial cells)- produce
androgens (ex. Testosterone, ABP).
 Testes are located in the scrotum,
outside the body cavity.
-This keeps testicular temperature cooler
than the body cavity.
-The testes develop in the body cavity and
descend into the scrotum just before birth.
Semen
 Seminal fluid is thick, yellowish, and
alkaline.
 It contains mucus, fructose, a coagulating
enzyme, ascorbic acid, and
prostaglandins.
 Accessory glands:
1. seminal vesicle
2. prostate gland
3. bulbourethral gland
 Seminal vesicle:
• A pair of glands that secrete a liquid
component of semen into the vas deferens.
• Secretion is alkaline
• Contains fructose, asorbic acid, coagulating
enzyme, prostaglandin

Seminal Vesicle
Prostate gland:
• Location- surrounds and opens into the urethra where it
leaves the bladder.
• Secretion- slightly alkaline fluid that activates the sperm
and prevents them from sticking together
 Prostate problems are common in males over 40.
 Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers
in men.

Prostate
Bulbourethral gland (Cowper’s gland):
• Location- paired glands that lie beneath the prostate
• Secretion- a thick, clear alkaline mucous that drains into
the membranous urethra.
• Function- It acts to wash residual urine out of the urethra
when ejaculating semen-- raises pH; neutralizes acidity of
urine.

Bulbourethral
gland
 Ejaculation
 Ejaculation propels sperm from the
epididymis to the vas deferens.
 The vas deferens run from the scrotum and
behind the urinary bladder.
 Here each vas deferens joins
with a duct from the seminal
vesicle to form an ejaculatory
duct.
 The ejaculatory ducts open into the
urethra.
 The urethra drains both the excretory and
reproductive systems.
Spermatogenesis
 Mature Spermatozoa
acrosome
head
nucleus
tail

mitochondria
Seminiferous Tubules
Seminiferous
Tubules
spermatozoa

Sertoli cell

spermatids
2º spermatocyte
1º
spermatocyte
 Female
Reproductive System
 Female Reproductive System

uterine tube
ovary
fimbriae

uterus

cervix
bladder

urethra vagina
clitoris

l. minora
l. majora
 Internal reproductive:
uterus
• Vagina uterine tube
• Cervix
• Fallopi
an
(uterian tube/oviducts)
• tube
Fimbrae
• Ovary
• Uterus ovary endometrium
fimbriae
- Endometrium
- Myometrium myometrium
- Perimetrium perimetrium
cervix
vagina
Ovaries

• One of a pair of female glands in which the eggs form and

the female hormones estrogen and progesterone are
made.
Fallopian Tube

• The uterine tubes (or fallopian tubes, oviducts, salpinx)

are muscular ‘J-shaped’ tubes, found in the female
reproductive tract.
Uterus

• also called womb, an inverted pear-shaped

muscular organ of the female reproductive system,
Cervix

• The cervix is the lower portion of the uterus.

Vagina

• The vagina is a muscular canal lined with nerves and

mucus membranes.
Oogenesis in the Ovary
Oogenesis
 Some Other Effects of
Estrogen
• breast development
• external genitalia growth
• bone growth
• fat deposition
• Increase protein anabolism
• Decrease blood cholesterol
• Facilitate calcium uptake
• Promotes hydration of skin
• Feminizes brain
Menopause: cessation of ovarian and
menstrual cycles.
 Usually occurs between ages 46 and 54.
 Due to ovaries decreased responsiveness
to gonadotropins.
Menopause affects:
 changes in sexual desire
 triggers mood swings
 causes debilitating hot flashes
 may lead to bone and heart problems
 short-term memory loss
 insomnia
Ovarian Cyst
Ectopic Pregnancy
 Common diseases and disorders of the
reproductive system of women

 Uterine Fibroids
Endometriosis
 Common diseases and disorders of the
reproductive system of men
Prostate cancer

Erectile dysfunction
 How does the Reproductive system help the
Homeostasis of the human body?

 The Reproductive System doesn't do much to aid in

the homeostasis of an organism; instead, it aids in the
maintenance of the species itself. However, sex
hormones do affect organs in the body. If there is a
hormone imbalance in the body, it may lead to various
disorders.
 How does the Reproductive system help the
Homeostasis of the human body?
 Low testosterone
 How does the Reproductive system help the
Homeostasis of the human body?
 Low estrogen
 How does the Reproductive system help the
Homeostasis of the human body?
 Low progesterone
 THE END
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