Lecture 10 – Analysis and

Design
September 27, 2001
CVEN 444
 Lecture Goals
• Pattern Loading
• Analysis and Design
• Resistance Factors and Loads
• Design of Singly Reinforced Rectangular
Beam
– Unknown section dimensions
– Known section dimensions
 Member Depth
• ACI provides minimum member depth and slab
thickness requirements that can be used without a
deflection calculation (Sec. 9.5)
– Useful for selecting preliminary member sizes
• ACI 318 - Table 9.5a:
– Min. thickness, h
• For beams with one end continuous: L/18.5
• For beams with both ends continuous: L/21
• L is span length in inches
– Table 9.5a usually gives a depth too shallow for design, but
should be checked as a minimum.
Member Depth
ACI 318-99: Table 9.5a
 Member Depth
• Rule of Thumb:
– hb (in.) ~ L (ft.)
– Ex.) 30 ft. span -> hb ~ 30 in.
– May be a little large, but okay as a start to calc. DL
• Another Rule of Thumb:
– wDL (web below slab) ~ 15% (wSDL+ wLL)
• Note: For design, start with maximum moment for
beam to finalize depth.
• Select b as a function of d
– b ~ (0.45 to 0.65)*(d)
 Pattern Loads
• Using influence lines to determine pattern loads
– Largest moments in a continuous beam or frame occur
when some spans are loaded and others are not.
– Influence lines are used to determine which spans to
load and which spans not to load.
• Influence Line: graph of variation of shear,
moment, or other effect at one particular point in
a structure due to a unit load moving across the
structure.
Pattern Loads
• Quantitative
Influence Lines
– Ordinate are
calculated
(“exact”)
– See Fig. 10-7(a-e)

MacGregor (1997)
 Pattern Loads
• Qualitative Influence Lines
– Mueller-Breslau Principle
– Figs. 10-7(f), 10-8, 10-9
– Used to provide a qualitative guide to the shape of the
influence line
– For moments
• Insert pin at location of interest
• Twist beam on either side of pin
• Other supports are unyielding, so distorted shape may be easily
drawn.
• For frames, joints are assumed free to rotate, assume members are
rigidly connected (angle between members does not change)
 Qualitative Influence Lines
The Mueller-Breslau
principle can be stated as
follows:
If a function at a point on
a structure, such as
reaction, or shear, or
moment is allowed to act
without restraint, the
deflected shape of the
structure, to some scale,
represents the influence
line of the function.
 Pattern Loads
Qualitative Influence Lines

Fig. 10-7 (b,f) from MacGregor (1997)

 Pattern
Loads
Frame Example:
• Maximize +M at point B.
• Draw qualitative influence
lines.

• Resulting pattern load:

“checkerboard pattern”
 Pattern Loads
• ACI 318-99, Sec. 8.9.1:
– It shall be permitted to assume that:
• The live load is applied only to the floor or roof
under consideration, and
• The far ends of columns built integrally with the
structure are considered to be fixed.

** For the project, we will model the entire frame. **

 Pattern Loads
• ACI 318-99, Sec. 8.9.2:
– It shall be permitted to assume that the arrangement
of live load is limited to combinations of:
• Factored dead load on all spans with full factored live
load on two adjacent spans.
• Factored dead load on all spans with full factored live
load on alternate spans.

** For the project, you may use this provision. **

 Project: Load Cases for
Beam Design
– DL: Member dead load (self wt. of slab, beams, etc.)
– SDL: Superimposed dead load on floors
– LLa1: Case a1 LL
(maximize +Mu/-Mu in 1st exterior beam)
– LLa2: Case a2 LL (optional)
(maximize +Mu/-Mu in 2nd exterior beam – symmetric
to 1st exterior beam)
– LLb: Case b LL
(maximize +Mu in interior beams)
– LLc1: Case c1 LL
(maximize -Mu in beams 1st interior support)
– LLc2: Case c2 LL (optional)
(maximize -Mu in beams at 2nd interior support –
symmetric to LLc)
 Project: Factored Load
Combinations for Beam Design
Factored Load Combinations:
U = 1.4 (DL+SDL) + 1.7 (LLa1)
U = 1.4 (DL+SDL) + 1.7 (LLa2)
U = 1.4 (DL+SDL) + 1.7 (LLb)
U = 1.4 (DL+SDL) + 1.7 (LLc1)
U = 1.4 (DL+SDL) + 1.7 (LLc2)

Envelope Load Combinations:

Take maximum forces from all factored load
combinations
 Moment
Envelopes

The moment envelope

curve defines the extreme
boundary values of bending
moment along the beam
due to critical placements
of design live loading.

Fig. 10-10; MacGregor (1997)

F.Approximate Analysis of Continuous
Beam and One-Way Slab Systems

ACI Moment and Shear Coefficients

• Approximate moments and shears permitted
for design of continuous beams and one-
way slabs
• Section 8.3.3 of ACI Code
F. Approximate Analysis of Continuous
Beam and One-Way Slab Systems
ACI Moment and Shear Coefficients - Requirements:
• Two or more spans
• Approximately Equal Spans
– Larger of 2 adjacent spans not greater than shorter by > 20%
• Uniform Loads
• LL/DL  3 (unfactored)
• Prismatic members
– Same A, I, E throughout member length
• Beams must be in braced frame without significant moments due
to lateral forces
– Not state in Code, but necessary for coefficients to apply

** All these requirements must be met to use the coefficients!**

 F. Approximate Analysis of Continuous
Beam and One-Way Slab Systems
ACI Moment and Shear
Coefficients – Methodology:
wu = Total factored dead and live
load per unit length
2
M u  Cm ( wu ln ) Cm = Moment coefficient
Cv = Shear coefficient
ln = Clear span length for span in
question for –Mu at interior
 wu ln  face of exterior support, +Mu
Vu  Cv   and Vu
 2  ln = Average of clear span length
for adjacent spans for –Mu at
interior supports

See Fig. 10-11, text

F. Approximate
Analysis of
Continuous Beam
and One-Way
Slab Systems

ACI Moment and

Shear
Coefficients

See Section 8.3.3

of ACI Code

Fig. 10-11, MacGregor (1997)

Flexural Design of Reinforced Concrete
Beams and Slab Sections
Analysis Versus Design:

Analysis: Given a cross-section,fc , reinforcement sizes,

location,fy compute resistance or
capacity
Design: Given factored load effect (such as Mu) select
suitable section(dimensions, fc, fy,
reinforcement, etc.)
 Flexural Design of Reinforced Concrete
Beams and Slab Sections
ACI Code Requirements for Strength Design
Basic Equation: factored resistance  factored load
effect
Ex.
 Mn  Mu
Mu = Moment due to factored loads (required ultimate moment)
Mn = Nominal moment capacity of the cross-section using nominal
dimensions and specified material strengths.
 = Strength reduction factor (Accounts for variability in dimensions,
material strengths, approximations in strength equations.
Flexural Design of Reinforced Concrete
Beams and Slab Sections
Required Strength (ACI 318, sec 9.2)
U = Required Strength to resist factored loads
D = Dead Loads
L = Live loads
W = Wind Loads
E = Earthquake Loads
H = Pressure or Weight Loads due to soil,ground water,etc.
F = Pressure or weight Loads due to fluids with well defined
densities and controllable maximum heights.
T = Effect of temperature, creep, shrinkage, differential
settlement, shrinkage compensating.
 Factored Load Combinations

U = 1.4 D +1.7 L Always check even if other load

types are present.

U = 0.75( 1.4 D + 1.7 L + 1.7 W)

U = 0.75( 1.4 D + 1.7 L)
U = 0.9 D + 1.3 W
 Factored Load Combinations
Similar combination for earthquake, lateral pressure,
fluid pressure, settlement, etc.

U = 1.05 D + 1.28 L + 1.4 E

U = 0.9 D + 1.43 E
U = 1.4 D + 1.7 L + 1.7 H
U = 0.9 D + 1.7 H
U = 1.4 D + 1.7 L + 1.4 F
U = 0.9 D + 1.4 F
U = 0.75(1.4 D + 1.4 T +1.7 L)
U = 1.4 (D + L)
 Resistance Factors, ACI Sec 9.3.2
Strength Reduction Factors
[1] Flexure w/ or w/o axial tension = 0.90
[2] Axial Tension = 0.90
[3] Axial Compression w or w/o flexure
(a) Member w/ spiral reinforcement = 0.75
(b) Other reinforcement members = 0.70
*(may increase for very small axial loads)
[4] Shear and Torsion = 0.85
[5] Bearing on Concrete = 0.70
ACI Sec 9.3.4  factors for regions of high seismic risk
Background Information for Designing
Beam Sections
1. Location of Reinforcement
locate reinforcement where cracking occurs (tension
region) Tensile stresses may be due to :
a) Flexure
b) Axial Loads
c ) Shrinkage effects

2. Construction
formwork is expensive -try to reuse at several floors
Background Information for Designing
Beam Sections
3. Beam Depths
• ACI 318 - Table 9.5(a) min. h based on l(span)
(slab & beams)

• Rule of thumb: hb (in)  l (ft)

• Design for max. moment over a support to set
depth of a continuous beam.
Background Information for Designing
Beam Sections
4. Concrete Cover
Cover = Dimension between the surface of the slab or
beam and the reinforcement

Why is cover needed?

[a] Bonds reinforcement to concrete
[b] Protect reinforcement against corrosion
[c] Protect reinforcement from fire (over heating
causes strength loss)
[d] Additional cover used in garages, factories,
etc. to account for abrasion and wear.
Background Information for Designing
Beam Sections
Minimum Cover Dimensions (ACI 318 Sec 7.7)
Sample values for cast in-place concrete
• Concrete cast against & exposed to earth - 3 in.
• Concrete (formed) exposed to earth & weather
No. 6 to No. 18 bars - 2 in.
No. 5 and smaller - 1.5 in
•Concrete not exposed to earth or weather
- Slab, walls, joists
No. 14 and No. 18 bars - 1.5 in
No. 11 bar and smaller - 0.75 in
- Beams, Columns - 1.5 in
Background Information for Designing
Beam Sections
5. Bar Spacing Limits (ACI 318 Sec. 7.6)
- Minimum spacing of bars
- Maximum spacing of flexural reinforcement in
walls & slabs
 3t
Max. space = smaller of 
18 in.
 Minimum Cover Dimension

Interior beam.
 Minimum Cover Dimension
Reinforcement bar arrangement for two layers.
 Minimum Cover Dimension

ACI 3.3.3
Nominal maximum
aggregate size.
3/4 clear space.,
1/3 slab depth,
1/5 narrowest dim.
Design Procedure for section dimensions
are unknown (singly Reinforced Beams)

1) For design moment

 a  As f y 
M u   M n   T  d     A s f y  d  
 2  2  0.85 f cb 
  bd f y 
   bd f y  d  
 2  0.85 f c b 

 fy As
Substitute:   and  
f c bd
Design Procedure for section dimensions
are unknown (singly Reinforced Beams)

Let

M u   M n    bd f y  d  0.59 d 
Mu
   f c bd  d  0.59 d 

 
  f c bd 1  0.59
2

Design Procedure for section dimensions
are unknown (singly Reinforced Beams)

Let
 Mu 
 
  
   f c 1  0.59 
 
bd 2       
R
 Mu 
 
  
 bd  2

R
 Design Procedure for section dimensions
are unknown (singly Reinforced Beams)
Assume that the material properties, loads, and span length are all known.
Estimate the dimensions of self-weight using the following rules of
thumb:
a. The depth, h, may be taken as approximate 8 to 10 % of the
span (1in deep per foot of span) and estimate the width, b,
as about one-half of h.
b. The weight of a rectangular beam will be about 15 % of the
superimposed loads (dead, live, etc.). Assume b is about
one-half of h.
Immediate values of h and b from these two procedures should be
selected. Calculate self-weight and Mu.
Design Procedure for section dimensions are
unknown (singly Reinforced Beams)
1 Select a reasonable value for  based on
experience or start with a value of about 45% to
55 % of bal.
fy
2 Calculate the reinforcement index,   
f c
3 Calculate the coefficient
R   f c 1  0.59 
Design Procedure for section dimensions are
unknown (singly Reinforced Beams)
4 Calculate the required value of
 Mu 
 
  
bd 
2

R
5 Select b as a function of d. b ~ (0.45d to 0.65d)

6 Solve for d. Typically round d to nearest 0.5 inch

value to get a whole inch value for h, which is
approximately d = 2.5 in.
Design Procedure for section dimensions are
unknown (singly Reinforced Beams)
7 Solve for the width, b, using selected d value.
Round b to nearest whole inch value.
8 Re-calculate the beam self-weight and Mu based on
the selected b and h dimensions. Go back to step 1
only if the new self weight results in significant
change in Mu.
9 Calculate required As = bd. Use the selected value
of d from Step 6. And the calculated (not rounded)
value of b from step 7 to avoid errors from rounding.
 Design Procedure for section dimensions are
unknown (singly Reinforced Beams)
10 Select steel reinforcing bars to provide As (As
 from step 9). Confirm that the bars will fit
required
within the cross-section. It may be necessary to change
bar sizes to fit the steel in one layer. If you need to use
two layers of steel, the value of h should be adjusted
accordingly.

Calculate the actual Mn for the section dimensions and

11 reinforcement selected. Check strength, (keep
over-design within 10%)
 M n Mu
Design Procedure for section dimensions
are known (singly Reinforced Beams)
Design Procedure for section dimensions are
known (singly Reinforced Beams)

1 Calculate controlling value for the design moment,

Mu.
2 Calculate d, since h is known.
d  h - 2.5in. for one layer of reinforcement.
d  h - 3.5in. for two layers of reinforcement.
Design Procedure for section dimensions are
known (singly Reinforced Beams)

3 Solve for required area of tension reinforcement,

As , based on the following equation.

 a
M u   M n   As f y  d  
 2
Design Procedure for section dimensions are
known (singly Reinforced Beams)

Rewrite the equation:  Mu 

 
  
A s  req' d  
 a
fy d  
 2

Assume (d-a/2)  0.9d to 0.95d and solve for As(req’d)

Note  = 0.9 for flexure without axial load
(ACI 318-95, Sec. 9.3)
Design Procedure for section dimensions are
known (singly Reinforced Beams)
4 Select reinforcing bars so As(provided) As(req’d)
Confirm bars will fit within the cross-section. It
may be necessary to change bar sizes to fit the steel
in one layer or even to go to two layers of steel.

5 Calculate the actual Mn for the section dimensions

and reinforcement selected. Verify  s   y .
Check strength  M n  M u (keep over-design
with 10%)
Design Procedure for section dimensions are
known (singly Reinforced Beams)

6 Check whether As(provided) is within the allowable

limits.

As(provided)  As(max)= 0.75 As(bal)

As(provided)  As(min)